European Colonists and Their Viciousness Essay Example for Free

European Colonists and Their Viciousness EssayWilliam Penn was one example of a leading colonist that maintained good relations with the aborigine Americans. There were other leaders that did likewise. However, most of the European colonists didnt follow this pattern as John Winthrop or Hernando Cortez. These leaders mistreated the primordial Americans and used them like objects.One of the priming coats that made some Europeans abuse of the inbred Americans was that they didnt think of the Native Americans as humans but more as animals or savages. Therefore, they impression they could do anything of them and even kill them if they needed to. That was true for the English colonists who truism the Native Americans the same way they saw the Irish. For this reason, they would exploit them and use them as slaves. They even destroyed their villages and kidnapped their children for vengeance. One thing that the English colonists didnt do that differentiated them from the Spaniard s was that they didnt reproduce with the Native Americans because they saw it as reproducing with an animal. Yet, this wasnt the only reason of this behavior among the Native Americans.Another reason for which the colonists took advantage of the Native Americans was index. At this time, power was very important for everybody. The amount of power you had leaded your life. Of course, when someone had power, he always wanted more and that was so for the kings and queens. When Christopher Columbus told Queen Isabella that the Tainos were weak, innocent and that it would be easy to control them, the queen saw a good opportunity of expanding her power in America and improving her wealth. She decided that she would make slaves out of the Native Americans and that she would impose them her religion. Of course anyone who would resist would be killed. This is how slavery started in America.Another cause of this behavior was money. Multiple trips to America had for goal to find gold. The Eur opean colonists thought that, now that they found this new land, they would be able to reap the benefits of the gold resting on it. However, when the colonists arrived, the Native Americans were already there with the gold. But the colonists had evil interests once they saw gold, they would be able to do anything to get it. That is what happenedwith the conquistador Hernando Cortez and his army when they arrived to Tenochtitlan, the Aztecs capital. When they saw this city, they got bewitched by the gold used to build it. This obsession led to the revolution of the Aztecs against the conquistadores. The skirmish ended with most of the Aztecs killed including their chief.The last source of the colonists viciousness was their territories. When America was first discovered by Christopher Columbus, all the European countries fought to extend their lands. However, the Native Americans were an obstacle for the expansion of their colonization. The countries thought that the lands belonge d to all different tribes of Native Americans. Therefore, the only way to get the lands was to take over the Native Americans and take possessions of their lands. This is again an example of Hernando Cortezs triumph of America for Spain. When he arrived in America, Hernando killed every Native American tribe he found on his way to then claim their lands to Spain. The only reason he didnt kill some of them was to have better chances to defeat the Aztecs. But Cortez wasnt the only colonist to do this to Native Americans and some king have been even crueler than he had.In conclusion, the Europeans didnt follow the pattern of good relations with Native Americans as William Penn and other European leaders because of dehumanization, power, gold and land. These are the four facts that most of the European colonists thought were worth killing a very important amount of innocent people and that caused them to offer viciousness instead of kindness to the Native Americans who hadnt done anyt hing wrong to them.

Aspects of the Southern Colonies Essay Example for Free

Aspects of the grey Colonies EssayCrops were important to the southern economy. Because they did so well farming, the southerners did not make umpteen tools or household goods. They grew large crops of tobacco, corn, rice and wheat, which people wanted in England. In the 1600s, tobacco was very important. It was the most valuable export. The tobacco was put in barrels, shipped to England and sold. Most Maryland people grew tobacco on small farms. Sometimes, whole plantations depended on the tobacco crop. With money from tobacco, plantation owners could live a good life. The Southern Colonies primarily depended on cotton and tobacco plantations. As the plantations grew they had to employ black slaves. The plantations were fully self contained with their own blacksmith, teachers and professionals. So there were no big cities or towns. The Southern Colonies had a strict three class system upper class rich plantation owners, middle class small plantation owners, begin class poor whites and a population of Negroes of no class.As can be seen socially all three sets of colonies were different. Yeoman farmers, who worked smaller tracts of land, sat in popular assemblies and found their way into political office. Their outspoken independence was a constant warning to the oligarchy of planters not to encroach too far upon the rights of free men. By the early 18th century, colonial legislatures held two significant powers the right to vote on taxes and expenditures, and the right to initiate legislation rather than merely act on proposals of the governor. The legislatures used these rights to check the power of royal governors and to pass other measures to expand their power and influence. In time, the center of colonial administration shifted from London to the provincial capitals.

Analysis Aviss Existing Marketing Strategy

Analysis Aviss Existing merchandising St tempogyAvis jump up at Vietnam food market from June 2009. They stand at one of removeer positions in the gondola rental industry. Avis is constantly confident that they would bring to clients a consistent uplifted quality and recognizable attend to with our consecrated team of employees1. In Vietnam market, Avis is developing tremendously ii fields which atomic number 18 short term leasing and long term leasing.In this report, I will outline Aviss existing merchandising dodging and value creation process by marketing mix (4Ps) to benefactor stakeholders to brook an over tantrum most values and disadvantages of Aviss marketing strategy. From the research of Avis that I showed at previous part, I would give the guild recommendations about their marketing strategy to increase their market sh be, profitability,value creation, and sustainability.CUsersHIEPCTDesktopabout_avis_1.jpgINTRODUCTIONAvis al ways has been known as a strong b rand name in the world. They have more(prenominal) than 3000 offices in Europe, Africa, the Middle East and Asia and 2000 offices in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the Latin the States/Caribbean region.In 1970, the first office of Avis was opened in Asian in Hong Kong. Through 10 years, Avis developed steadily with more an(prenominal) new locations in Singapore, the Philippines, Pakistan, Malaysia and Indonesia. Recently, the bon ton opened more operations in India, China and Taiwan in 2007. Avis realized that Asia is a very potential market, so that they develop their web big and bigger in here. At the moment, Avis has over 235 offices in Asia in countries belowBangladesh*IndonesiaMalaysiaSingaporeBruneiIndiaMariana IslandsSri LankaChinaJapan (Sales Office)PakistanTaiwan (Sales Office)GuamKorea (South)PhilippinesThailandHong KongMacauSakhalin (East Russia)VietnamAt present, Avis seems to be the most familiar international railway car rental brand in As ia with more than 34000 cars and about 2500 staffs in all operations. Long term car leasing is a type of c ar which Avis fatality to counseling on. The kind of leasing has umpteen special benefits and portions which the company would bring to customers when they require it.Current Situation of AvisAccess the existing marketing strategy of AvisI would analysis 4Ps to identify the existing marketing strategy of AvisElementsAviss long-term car rental servicesProduct (Service)If you need a car in Vietnam for an extended period of time (1 year or more) but do not wish to commit yourself to buying one then Avis car leasing is for youAvis gutter bring to customers benefits and servicesLower calendar monthly payment matchd to car rentalChoice of your preferred fomite forge, model, color and specsUse of a professionally trained English speaking Avis driverConvenience insurance, road tax, servicing and maintenance all taken care by AvisComplimentary replacement vehicle during vehic le servicingAccess to a dedicated Avis Car Leasing Account ManagerComplimentary 24 Hours breakdown assistanceExclusive worldwide Avis car rental discounts for travel and home leave2Place (Distribution)Avis has over 5000 locations in the world and they have two offices in Vietnam market.PriceAvis is one of the strongest brand names in the field and their services are always standing at the top, so that their price flocknot cheap.PromotionAvis is a popular brand name, so that they always receive many attentions from media although they dont need to promote too much. On the other hand, Avis excessively advertise their services on social networks like FacebookIt can be seen easily that Avis is using antitheticaliation marketing strategy after analysing 4Ps.http//www.unconsultancy.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/generic-strategies.gifThe marketing strategy of the company is differentiation that means Avis want to make differentiations in the Vietnam market, to compare with their riv als.As can be known, Avis not only can bring to their consumers many choices of luxury car which includes benefits and high quality services, but similarly can create some special package services for customers in entertainment and traffic such as Gold Package, Hanoi tour package, Avis Vietnam luxury Halong utter cruise package. They are excellent services to help consumers to visit wonder places or tourist destinations of Vietnam. Especially, Avis has list of all golf courses in Vietnam to give customers to choose and they also are the leading cruise companies in Vietnam jointly offer you the Luxury Halong Bay Cruise Package.In US market, Avis apply the differentiation marketing strategy to develop as well. As can be seen, Avis in US has not only given care rental but also bought their car and they have a service to make their customer interest in which is ultimate test drive. The service gives consumers jeopardize to try driving a car before they decide to buy it with many ben efitsThousands of low-mileage, late-model vehicles for tradeMore than 75 well-maintained makes and modelsTake Avis Ultimate Test Drive for two hours or up to 3 daysLow, pre-posted pricing no negotiationTry before you buy3In my opinion, its really a good marketing strategy which is different and can attract customers come to Avis.Identify the value creation do of AvisI would use value chain to analysis value creation progress of Avis VietnamInbound LogisticsAvis is exist and developing through many years, so that the relationship between the company and car suppliers or partners is very good. However, there are many Vietnams automobile taxes which are very high. Therefore, Avis should concentrate more about this point to reduce the cost.OperationsResource inputs are not only luxury cars. deal are a resource particularly in service industries. Therefore, Avis trains staffs to build trusted consumer relationships by the premium service.Outbound LogisticsAvis product their service s through network operators and system of offices in the world. The customer can book schedule by internet or offices. Any car was test carefully before dowery customers.Marketing and SalesAvis group uses advertising on network social like Facebook, promotions, etc to inform customers about their services. Besides that, Avis builds belief of customers by providing best service and allowed them to segment the market effectively.ServiceAvis supplies the best services to customers and the addition benefits with it. It is discount, insurance car or monthly check, repaired car, and so onSupport activitiesProcurement remove the resource inputs to the primary actives Avis always supplied quality cars for their services. In addition, the company will be preferred to pick up the customer at airport by Vietnam airline or received tourist transport contacts from Vietnam national administration of tourism4.Technology developmentIn my opinion, Avis certainly had some research about Vietnam mark et and demand of Vietnamese people. Therefore, they made a different thing with other market which is car rental including driver. In addition, they also dont buy their car at Vietnam market like others.Human resource managementAvis always hide good drivers who even know to speak English. Avis always want to catch about their quality services so that the attitude of employees is very important. Avis usually trains them carefully and also provide the chance to employees study and learning to develop their skill. reference ManagementAvis believe that corporate sustainability can only be effective if it embraces all steps of the value chain. This is why the Avis not only sets the highest standards for itself but also expects suppliers and partners to meet ecological and social standard.Competitive advantageResource based view (RBV)Hollensen, S. (2003) defined that long term rivalrousness of a company depends on its resources that differentiate it from its competitors, so that the fir st step, I would analysis tangible resource and intangible resource of AvisTangibleThe quality of Avis car rental.Have more 5000 locations in the world. In Asian, Avis has over 34000 luxury cars for leasing and a large human resource with 2500 employees.IntangibleStrong brand name in the world.Avis has research about Vietnam market before jumping up.Experience in car rental business through many yearsSpecial services for any locationsSkill and companionship of employees.Avis has been active in this field for over 40 years, so they have a lot of experience in the car rental field. In addition, the content competence of Avis which is created by the combination of all tangible and intangible resources above, Avis would have a big competitive advantage in Vietnam market.Market oriented view (MOV)There are three main elements of environment which includes customer, competitors, environment Avis has to adapt to create differentiations from their competitors.Customer Vietnamese people ha s trend to own car, instead of using car rental services of Avis. Avis should have more strategies to stimulate customers to use services more.Competitors Hertz, Enterprise, etc are Aviss major competitors. In Vietnam market, Avis would be competitive by small company who set the lower price for their services.Environment Long-term car rental is preferred for the kind of customers who usually has to use car but dont want to pay a large of money to buy in a period. Especially, the service including driver to help their consumers not to worry about Vietnamese merchandise laws which is very complicated.All these changes to suit with environment create differentiation for Aviss services. Base on analysis RBV and MOV, it founds that the core competence and those differentiation create competitive advantage for Avis in Vietnam market.PESTLE analysisPolitical Legal EnvironmentThere is only one Party nationally in Vietnam, so that they have a stable political situation. In addition, the regimen has had reform to develop suitably with international and nation situation at any period. Government also builds the right of Foreign Investment to encourage organizations to invest in Vietnam market. However, the traffic in Vietnam isnt good, especially in Hanoi and Hochiminh with too large vehicle density, so that the Government has to limit the number of transport, especially car. Therefore, Government brings out policies and law (high taxed rate) applies for car, especially imported car.EconomicThe Vietnamese economy has been developing rapidly and in 2008, human being Bank published that Vietnam is one of the best performing economies in the world over the last decade. Vietnam has joined WTO in 2007 and its quietly opened for foreign company to run business in the market. On the other hand, GDP in 2009-10 in Vietnam grew less than the 7% per annum ordinary achieved during the last decade and the inflation rate increased from 7% to 9% because the global economic whi ch affect to Vietnam, is unstably. Therefore, its really a opportunity with Avis because purchasing power would be decreased which means citizen wouldnt defy bring a large of money to buy car and they can choose Aviss services to save money. It can be a big chance which Avis should concentrate on. (See appendix 1)Social cultureAccording to CIA, Vietnam is really a densely populated country with the population is over 90 million by 2011. However, the Vietnamese people are concentrated mainly in big cities such as Hanoi, Hochiminhwhich is always potential markets for Avis. Thats reason why Avis opened two operations at the cities. The demand for using car of Vietnamese people is increasing rapidly, but they usually want to own one instead of rental car. That is a big different about culture among Vietnam and others.TechnologyNowadays, technology is focused by all of the governments in the world, media tools are developing more and more, especially internet. We can update all of news every time in everywhere. As can be seen that, media usually affect to customers buying behavior. In 2011, VNNIC published that 42% of poplar use internet as daily communication. We can be sure that advertising and promotion on internet network would help Avis to have a big advantage in marketing. In fact, Avis has promoted their advertising for the services in Vietnam market on their website and Facebook which can be connected easily with customers.DiscussionSWOT analysisStrengthsAvis is a strong brand name in car rental business in the world. They have developed their business very successful through over 40 years, so that their experiences in the field have been acknowledged. In addition, Avis has a large network with over 5000 locations in the international market. With over 34,000 cars and over 2,500 employees throughout the region, Avis is the leading international car rental brand in Asia and Avis really has good websites, retailer stores and operations round the world. The company also has many kinds of luxury cars to help their customers to choose. To use the long-term leasing of Avis, consumers would receive many benefits and services from Avis with the highest quality.WeaknessAvis just appeared at Vietnam market in recent, so that they have only two operations at the country (at Hanoi capital and Ho Chi Minh City). The demand for long-term rental of Vietnamese people is not high and to change their minds is a difficult mission with the company.OpportunityVietnam always is a potential market for almost of luxury products or services. The standard life of Vietnamese people is increasing more and more, so that to use new services or products can be interested by them. In addition, the service of Avis can help them to save their money although they can still use a luxury car. On the other hand, Avis has not many competitors who can bring to customers good services like them at Vietnam market.ThreatVietnamese Government doesnt encourage increasing the number of car in circulation at Vietnam, especially at Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh because the traffic congestion in the two cities is very high. Avis also should care about their competitor Satsco5that is an autochthonal company.The key strengths and weaknesses of Avis existing marketing strategyStrengthsSpecial services to attract customersHave many promotions with high quality services.Use professional website and Facebook to advertiseCo-operated with many famous partners in Vietnam market.WeaknessJust only two operations in Vietnam market (in Hanoi and Hochiminh) while Danang and Haiphong are also big cities which are potential markets as well.Avis dont publish their price on public, so that the customer will be lack of information.They dont advertise on other media like television, newspaperwhich are easy to attract customers.RecommendationsSegmentation, Targeted, Positioning.SegmentationThe main customers of Aviss car long-term rental are both male and female who have at least ave rage income or small company because they have demand to use car but they havent adequate money or save their money. The largest number of customer would focus on big cities such as Hanoi, Hochiminh, Haiphong, Danang However, the economy is developing, so that the segmentation in Vietnam market would be larger.TargetingSocio-demographicAge over 25Income Above $2000/monthEducation graduated, post graduatedOccupation worryman, artistsGeographic all three regions.Social class upper-middle, lower-upper, upper-upperBehaviouristicLoyalty moderate and loyaltyShopping habiliments want to use high quality services.PsychographicInterest class assertingValue Living standard, convenienceBenefit soughtProduct features attractive, unique, promotions, benefits including.PositioningBecause of the high quality service, price of Aviss services wouldnt be cheap.High priceAviss car rentalLow quality High qualityLow price developing strategyMarketMarket penetration (for growth) or consolidation (to m aintain position) or withdrawProduct developmentDiversificationMarketDevelopment vexNewPresentProductNewAnsoffs matrixAvis has already had two operations in Hanoi and Hochiminh in Vietnam. Avis should think about expanding stores in other. Therefore, market development is sufficient strategy for company at this time.Objective and Goal of Aviss car long-term rentalObjective Lead to the best car rental service in 2014GoalsIncrease revenue by 30% in next two yearHave operations in Danang in 2013, Haiphong in 2015Gain more 10% market share at the end of 2013The detail plan would be present at Appendix 2.Marketing strategy and program (Marketing Mix)Marketing mix includes 7Ps which Avis has to apply in their marketing plan for achieving.ProductProduct refers to the goods and services which firms offer to their customers. Firms must place sufficient importance to the product/service as well as the other aspects associated with the product that attract customer attention.6Aviss car rental was created to serve customers who need to use car but they havent enough money or want to save money for other works. Avis always understand demands of customers in Vietnam market. Therefore, in addition to normally benefits in services, Avis also make a new different service including drivers for the market which is very necessary with traffic conditions in Vietnam.PriceThe price has always been regarded as an important competitive factor in attracting customers. The price of Avis is not published on their anywhere but the service of a famous company like Avis cant be cheap. Therefore, Avis should concentrate on the issue because the average income of Vietnamese people was just about $1.100 (2010).PromotionPromotion plays an important role in companys marketing strategy. Firstly, we have to decide what components of the communication mix that should be used in the plan.There are many media that Avis can choose to promote Television, Radio, Newspaper or Magazines, internetIn addi tion, Avis could advertise their service through internet networks such as Aviss official website, online newspapers, forums, social network (Facebook, Twitter, etc). IT is developing more and more at the moment, so that it could be the most effective promoting channel with very low cost for Avis. On the other hand, Avis should bring out discount policy or full-grown gift which would attract more customers. (You can see more detail in Appendix 3)PlaceAt the moment, there are two ways for Avis to connect with customers. One way is that their customers can come to Aviss operation directly. Avis has two operations in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh for transaction. If customers havent time or are so far from the company, they can choose contact with Avis indirectly through their website. Its also comfortable and convenience.In the future, Avis should set to open more operations in other big cities of Vietnam to expand their market in Vietnam.PeoplePeople are one of the key elements to help the organization to achieve. In this case of Avis, sale forces and drivers would direct communicate with customer so they create the image of Avis. Therefore, to train staffs is important mission with Avis.ProcessAvis should invest in RD project for better rationality customer need and RD is also help Avis gathering customer feedback because as can be seen that customer communication is an important process with the company. Avis also has to provide information (especially about price) to customers on their website and public through advertising.Physical evidenceThe car using in rental always need to be exonerated and comfortable, luxury, elegance to attack customers. In addition, drivers should wear uniform which can create imagine of Avis brand and its also show that the attitude serving of Avis is always professional. The customer can always believe in the company.CONCLUSIONCar rental is a new type of services, especially in Vietnam. Vietnamese people are not really familiar with l ong-term leasing. However, with new marketing strategy, I believe Avis car long-term leasing would be more preferred and Avis would still lead to the first place in car rental industry not only in others but also in Vietnam market.World count 3297REFERENCESUniversity of Sunderland, BA (Honor) (2005), Marketing Strategy, University of Sunderland.Kotler, P., Wong, V., Saunders, J. and Armstrong, G. (2005), Principles of Marketing, 4th European edition, Pearson Education, Prentice HallAnsoff, I. (1965), Corporate strategy, New York McGraw hummockBarker, M. (1992) Marketing strategy and management, 2nd edition, HongKong MacmillanDyson, R. (1990) Strategic Planning Models and Analytical Techniques, Oxford trick Wiley and sons.Hollensen, S. (2003) Marketing strategy, capital of the United Kingdom Prentice HallPorter, M. (1990), The competitive Advantage of Nations, London MacmillanBPP Professional Education (2004), Mandatory Unit 7 Business Strategy, 1st edition, London Aldine House, A ldine PlaceThe Hinton information service (2007) Strong Momentum Driving Jewellery and Watch Market The Hilton information service Online, functional from http//www.hintoninfo.com/view.asp?992d862e04cfa831 accessed Sep 20 2012Avis, official website http//www.avis.com.vn/vi/about_avis.htmlCIA The World Factbook, East and Southeast Asia Vietnam Online, available from https//www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/vm.html accessed Sep 21, 2012Ehow.com, Market strategy analysis tools Online, available from http//www.ehow.com/info_8361829_market-strategy-analysis-tools.html accessed Sep 22, 2012Quickmba.com, Value chain Online, available from http//www.quickmba.com/strategy/value-chain/ accessed Sep 22, 2012General Statistics Office of Vietnam, official website http//www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=491Business dictionary, Competitive advantage Online, available from http//www.businessdictionary.com/definition/competitive-advantage.html access on Sep 24, 2012Jbdon. com, Positioning map, Online, available from http//www.jbdon.com/uploads/6/0/4/3/6043586/9761212.jpgw=250h=250ei=Mo5eUPiDJOaziQer2oDoBAzoom=1iact=hcvpx=863vpy=136dur=3758hovh=200hovw=200tx=80ty=130sig=111527053491877461160page=4tbnh=157tbnw=157start=56ndsp=20ved=1t429,r8,s56,i279 accessed Sep 24,2012BIBLIOGRAPHYDoyle, P. and Stern, P. 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Analysis Of Mobile Communication Communications Essay

Analysis Of Mobile Communication Communications EssayWireless dis traverse has become a ubiquitous part of modern life, from worldwide cellular telephone systems to local and even personal-area networks. This book provides a tutorial introduction to digital peregrine wireless networks, illustrating theoretical underpinnings with a wide set forth of real-world examples. The book begins with a review of propagation phenomena, and goes on to examine channel exclusivelyocation, modulation techniques, multiple access schemes, and coding techniques. GSM and IS-95 systems are reviewed and 2.5G and 3G packet-switched systems are discussed in detail. execution of instrument analysis and accessing and scheduling techniques are covered, and the book closes with a chapter on wireless LANs and personal-area networks. M any worked examples and homework exercises are provided and a solutions manual is available for instructors. The book is an standard text for electrical engineering and comp uter science students taking courses in wireless conversations. It will also be an invaluable reference for practicing engineers.Wireless talk technology is diffusing around the planet faster than any other communication technology to date. Because communication is at the heart of human activity in all domains, the advent of this technology, allowing multimodal communication from anywhere to anywhere where there is the appropriate infrastructure, is supposed to befool profound social effects. Yet, which kind of effects, under which conditions, for whom and for what is an open question. Indeed, we acknowledge from the history of technology, including the history of the Internet, that people and organizations end up using the technology for purposes really different of those initially sought or conceived by the designers of the technology. Furthermore, the more a technology is interactive, and the more it is likely that the users become the producers of the technology in its actu al practice. Therefore, rather than projecting dreams and fears on the kind of society that will result in the future from the widespread use of wireless communication, we must root ourselves in the observation of the present using the traditional, standard tools of scholarly research. People, institutions, and business turn in suffered bounteous from the unwarranted prophecies of futurologists and visionaries that project and promise whatever comes to their minds on the home of anecdotal observation and ill understood developments. Thus, our aim in this report is to ground an inter state discussion of the social uses and social effects of wireless communication technology on what we know currently (2004) in different areas of the world. We would work like to charter exclusively information and analyses produced within the rigorous standards of academic research. This constitutes a good proportion of the substantial examined here. The rise of ready communicationMobile commun ication has diffuse into society at a outrank that is unprecedented. On a world basis, thenumber of mobile phones rose 24% between 2000 and 2005. According to the International Telecommunications essence (ITU), there was about one telephone subscription for every third person in the world (2005).2 At the same time there were about half(prenominal) as many who had access to the intent (ITU 2005). The highest adoption rates are found in Europe where there are approximately 82 subscriptions per deoxycytidine monophosphate persons. In Oceania (Australia, New Zealand, etc.) there are 69, and in the Americas there are 52 subscriptions per 100 persons. Following this Asia had 22 subscriptions per 100 and Africa had 11. While the adoption rate in Europe has levelled off, there is an almost Klondike like atmosphere in many other countries. The growth rates in India and China are off the beaten track(predicate) above 50% per year. In addition, growth in sub-Saharan Africa often tops 100 % and sometimes even 200% per year.3 Thus, in the last ten-spot we have seen the widespread adoption of a new form of communication.One of the unique aspects of mobile communication is that it changes the locus of interaction. Whenthinking of landline telephony, we call to specialised locations. The metaphor is that we call to a personshome, their work or to some other physical location in the hopes that the individual is someplace nearby.Mobile communication and mediated ritualThis new channel of interaction allows more nuanced forms of micro-coordination (Ling and Yttri2002). It provides us with various forms of safety and security (Ling 2004 Baron and Ling forthcoming) as well a different types of phatic interaction (Ling 2005b). In short, the mobile telephone allows us to elaborate and develop cohesion that is often generated in copresent situations. This is not to say that kins bay window be founded and developed in the absence of copresent interaction. While there are exam ples of friendships and communities that have been fostered and developed exclusively via mediated interaction dating all the instruction lynchpin to telegraphy (Standage 1998), for all practical purposes social interaction needs copresent interaction in order to coalesce into a cohesive form, this process can be aided through the use of mediated interaction. Thinking, for example of romantic relationships, the meeting of individuals, their wooing and the developmentof a common sense of involvement is largely a copresent activity. Following the discussion above, it is also a heavily ritualized interaction. There is the need to come into contact and there is the need to engender a mutually recognize sense of the relationship. The couple goes through a series of stages as they enter into a more intense and intimate sense of their coupled status (Ling 2000). oftentimesof the process has to do with the mapping of common interests and the development of a mutual senseof trust. The as sembly of the group, the use of tie signs (Goffman 1971) the establishment of a mutual nidus of attention, the development of a common argot or set of symbols and the building of abarrier to outsiders are all parts of founding an intimate relationship (Collins 2004, 193 Berger andKellner 1964). Mediated interaction, and in particular interaction via the mobile telephone is an obvious channel of communication that can be drawn into this work. In survey corporeal from Norway, for example we see that in an interestingly asymmetric finding that 50% of teen girls and 32% of teen boys reported that they had flirted on a weekly basis via the mobile telephone.5 This finding underscores the role of the mobile phone in this process. Indeed the mobile telephone is well designed for the purpose. It is a technology of the individual. It allows for the communication of both synchronous and asynchronous messages directly between the concerned individuals and these messages need not be observed b y others.6 During the establishment of the relationship the mobile telephone provides a channel through which the interests of the individuals can be mapped and the intensity of the nascent relationship can be explored. This might include simple information regarding which type of melody they like or the timing of their next assignation. It might also include risqu pick up lines and perhaps the exchange of pro-vocative or quasi-provocative photos. This contact, along with copresent interaction hightail it into all(prenominal)(prenominal) other as the couple moves toward the establishment of a coupled identity.TYPES OF SYSTEMIn a mobile communication system at to the lowest degree one of the transceivers is mobile. It may be on board a vehicle that can move at high speeds, or it may be a handheld unit used by a pedestrian. Basic types of systems include base/mobile, peer-to-peer, repeater, and mobile satellite systems. In a base/mobile system, a base station connected to a publi c network communicates with a mobile unit. This gives the mobile unit access to the public network. More than one mobile at a time can be supported if a different channel (such as a narrow band of spectrum) is assigned to each user. In most systems, channels are assigned to users as needed rather than giving each user a dedicated channel that is dumb for that user at all times. This is called trunking and allows large numbers of users to be supported with a limited number of available channels, with a small probability that any given call will be blocked because all channels are busy. Cellular telephony uses the base/mobile configuration to give mobile users access to the public switched telephone network. In peer-to-peer systems, mobile units communicate directly with each other. Mobile units sharing a frequency channel can communicate with one another, and independent conversations can take place on different channels. Many amateur, and most CB piano tuner contacts fit into this peer-to-peer model. In peer-to-peer systems, a mobile can sometimes hear only one of two other mobiles that are using a channel, when a total of three users are active. In this system, all users transmit on one channel and listen on a second channel. The repeater, a transceiver that is located at a high point, retransmits the signals with greater creator on the second channel. In this system, all users can communicate with each other using one pair of frequencies. A repeater system allows communication over a much greater range than in a direct peer-topeersystem. Repeaters are used for public services and some amateur radio operations at VHF and UHF frequencies. A variation is a trunked radio system that uses several frequency pairs and assigns a frequency pair for each conversation between mobiles. A trunked system can support many more users than the number of frequencies available because all users typically do not snuff it at once. In a mobile satellite system, one or more sa tellites relays signals between a mobile user and an earth-based base station or gateway that connects to the public switched network. The large distances and high speeds of the satellites introduce some difficulties, but a system of this type can provide worldwide coverage. Characteristics of wireless LANsAdvantages very flexible within the reception area Ad-hoc networks without previous planning possible (almost) no wiring difficulties (e.g. historic buildings, firewalls) More robust against disasters like, e.g., earthquakes, fire or users twist a plug Disadvantages typically very low bandwidth compared to wired networks (1-10 Mbit/s) 10-4 compared to 10-10 in fiber optics many proprietary solutions, especially for higher bit-rates, standards take their time (e.g. IEEE 802.11) products have to follow many national restrictions if working wireless, it takes a vary long time to establish global solutions like, e.g., IMT-2000 Interfenece ConclusionsWireless and mobile communicati on is currently a hot topic and it is thus important to include it in the education of computer and telecommunication engineers. The benefit of teaching wireless mobile communication in a virtual course is that students from polytechnics all over the country, and also from foreign polytechnics, can share and participate in the same course without being physically present. Since students from several different polytechnics participate, feedback and development suggestions are retrieved in a much larger perspective, compared to in an internal course, which results in a higher quality of the course material. The production of a virtual course is, however, a much more demanding task than the production of a traditional internal course. Experts, like graphical designers, have to be included in the production team. The graphical layout of the development environment is important in order to make the learning and browsing of the course material interesting and easy as well as to lead the students attention to the essential parts. Before the course is in its final form many prototypes have to be tested and feedback from the students is needed. A proper choice of computer software and IT technology is necessary. A sufficient and realistic budget is also essential. Teaching and learning in a virtual course is also more demanding than in an ordinary course. Students cannot directly interact with the course teacher in the same way as during lectures and teacher assisted exercise sessions. Email and newsgroups is not enough for assisting students since they dont provide direct communication. It is thus important to provide the students the possibility to use real time E-communication channels such as text, voice, and video chat.REFERENCEhttp//partners.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/07/biztech/articles/05talk.htmlhttp//www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/threeg/ceareportoct2000.pdfhttp//www.business2.com/b2/web/articles/0,17863,513551,00.htmlhttp//weatherhead.cwru.edu/pervasive/Paper/U BE%202003%20-%20Yoo.pdfhttp//jite.org/documents/Vol3/v3p189-217-038.pdfhttp//informingscience.org/proceedings/InSITE2006/IISITBerg205.pdfhttp//lib.tkk.fi/Diss/2005/isbn9512279819/isbn9512279819.pdfhttp//www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/S4B/sem02.htmlhttp//www.gsmworld.com/services/messaging.shtmlhttp//www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/http//journal.fibreculture.org/issue6/issue6_proitz.html.http//www.160characters.org/documents/SocialEffectsOfTextMessaging.pdf

Case Study of Low Blood Pressure

Case Study of lowly phone line PressureMr Jones has a BP of 90/60. recreate name the appropriate health linguistic communication in relation to his BP. normal persona =HypotensionLow simple eye gouge is referred to as hypotension, especially in the arteries of the systemic circulation. Hypotension is commonplacely con steadred systolic pipeline constrict less than 90 millimetres of mercury (mmHg) or diastolic less than 60 mmHg.A persons ancestry pressure reading appears as two numbers. The first and high of the two numbers is a measure of systolic pressure or the pressure in the persons arteries when their plaza beats and fills them with note. The second number measures diastolic pressure or the pressure in the persons arteries when their heart rests between beats.A desired blood pressure is less than 120/80. In people who argon considered to be healthy, low blood pressure without experiencing any symptoms is ordinaryly not a concern and does not contract to be treat ed. Low blood pressure whitethorn be a sign of an underlying re tire, particularly in the elderly, where it might cause inadequate blood flow to their heart, vital organs, and brain.Fortunately, chronic low blood pressure without symptoms is rarely serious. Health issues whitethorn observe, however, when a persons blood pressure suddenly drops and their brain is deprived of an adequate blood and type O supply. The take in whitethorn lead to light-headedness or dizziness. A sudden drop in blood pressure usually happens in a person who has risen from a prone or sitting position to a standing one. When this occurs it is referred to as, postural hypotension or orthostatic hypotension. Another type of low blood pressure may happen when a person stands for extended periods of time. This is referred to as, neurally-mediated hypotension.postural hypotension is considered to be a failure of a persons cardiovascular system or nervous system to react fittingly to sudden changes. Usually , when a person stands up, some of their blood pools in their lower extremities. If this remains uncorrected, it would cause the persons blood pressure to fall or decrease. A persons form usually compensates by sending messages to their heart to beat speedy and to their blood vessels to constrict, offsetting the drop in blood pressure. If this does not happen, or does not happen quickly enough, postural hypotension is the event.Blood Pressure and AgingThe risk of low and high blood pressure commonly increases as a person ages due in part to changes during the aging process. The flow of blood to a persons heart muscle and brain declines as a person ages, many times as a result of plaque build-up in their blood vessels. While the causes of low blood pressure may not always be clear, it might be associated with things such(prenominal) asHeart arrhythmiasHeart failureHeat exhaustion or heat strokeHormonal issues such as an under-active thyroid, diabetes, or low blood sugarLiver in firmityPregnancySome over-the-counter drugsSome prescription medicationsWidening of the blood vesselsCauses of fast Drops in Blood PressureSudden drops in a persons blood pressure may be life-threatening. A number of different things may cause this type of hypotension. The causes of sudden drops in blood pressure may includeA reaction to alcohol or medicationAnaphylaxis, a severe allergic reactionHeart muscle diseaseHigh body temperatureLoss of bloodLow body temperatureSepsisSevere dehydration from diarrhoea, vomiting, or feverPeople at Risk of Postural HypotensionPostural hypotension, or low blood pressure when a person stands up quickly, may happen to anyone for a number of reasons such as lack of food, dehydration, or simply being overly fatigued. It might also be influenced by a persons genetic make-up, medication, aging, psychological factors, dietary ones, or acute triggers such as allergy or infection. Postural hypotension happens nigh frequently in people who are taking medications to control high blood pressure or, hypertension. It may also be related to strong emotions, pregnancy, diabetes, or hardening of a persons arteries. Seniors are affected by postural hypotension in particular, especially seniors who experience high blood pressure or autonomic nervous system dysfunction.Hypotension after eating is a common cause of dizziness or veritable(a) falls.It is nearly common after large meals containing a lot of carbohydrates. Medical science believes it is caused by blood pooling into a persons vessels in their stomach and intestines. A number of medications are associated with postural hypotension as well. The medications may be divided into two major categoriesMedications used to treat high blood pressure such as beta-blockers, diuretics, calcium-channel blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitorsMedications that have hypotension as a side effect such as anti-psychotics, neuroleptics, nitrates, anti-anxiety agents, tricyclic a ntidepressants, sedative-hypnotics, and medications for Parkinsons diseaseSome causes of naturally occurring postural hypotension exist.For example, dehydration and electrolyte loss might result from vomiting, diarrhoea, exuberant blood loss during menstruation, or other civilises. A persons age associated decline in blood pressure regulation is another example and is something that might correct due to certain health conditions or medications. Some diseases may cause postural hypotension as well. Diseases such as Shy-Drager syndrome or, multiple system atrophy, nerve issues such as peripheral neuropathy or autonomic neuropathy, cardiovascular disorders, nutritional diseases, or alcoholism may cause postural hypotension.Blood Pressure RangesListed below are the ranges for Low ( put over 1) Normal (Table 2) and High (Table 3) blood pressure respectively.systolic pressure (mm Hg)Diastolic pressure (mm Hg)Pressure Range9060Borderline Low blood Pressure6040Too Low Blood Pressure5033D angerously Low Blood PressureTable 1 Low Blood Pressure Rangesystolic pressure (mm Hg)Diastolic pressure (mm Hg)Pressure Range13085High Normal Blood Pressure12080Normal Blood Pressure11075Low Normal Blood PressureTable 2 Normal Blood Pressure RangeIf one or both numbers are usually high, you have high blood pressure (Hypertension).Systolic pressure (mm Hg)Diastolic pressure (mm Hg)Stages of High Blood Pressure210120Stage 4180110Stage 3160 nose candyStage 214090Stage 1Table 3 High Blood Pressure Range formula 1Visual representation of Systolic and Diastolic Ranges AgeSystolic BPDiastolic BP3-6116767-101227811-131268214-161368617-191208520-241207925-291218030-341228135-391238240-441258345-491278450-541298555-591318660+13487The average Systolic and Diastolic blood pressure is affected by age, as shown inAgeMales (mmHg)Females (mmHg)1 380/34 120/7583/38 117/764 to 688/47 128/8488/50 122/837 1092/53 130/9093/55 129/88Table 4 Average Systolic and Diastolic Ranges of Neonates and InfantsTable 5 Average Systolic and Diastolic Ranges of Children and large(p)sMr Jones has a HR of 153. Please name the appropriate health lyric in relation to his HR reading. Normal Range =What is an arrhythmia? An arrhythmia is a disruption in the hearts normal electrical system which causes an vicarious or irregular heart beat for no apparent reason. Anyone can develop an arrhythmia, even a young person without a previous heart condition. However, arrhythmias are most common in people over 65 who have heart damage caused by a heart attack, cardiac military operation or other conditions. There are many types of arrhythmias, includingHeartbeats that are too slow (bradycardia)Heartbeats that are too fast (tachycardia)Extra beatsSkipped beats get the better of coming from abnormal areas of the heartTypical symptomsSome arrhythmias may occur without any symptoms. Others may cause noticeable symptoms, such asChest discommodeDizziness, sensation of light-headednessFaintingFatigueSe nsation of a missed or extra heart beatSensation of your heart fluttering (palpitations)Shortness of breath failingFigure 2 Location of Arterial Pulses where Heart Rate can be DetectedFigure 3 Normal Heart Rate on an ECGSymptoms of ArrhythmiasSymptoms of arrhythmias can vary widely from person to person. An arrhythmia may last for a few minutes, a few hours, a few days, even a few weeks at a time. Some people feel no symptoms at all. Most commonly, patients report feeling a rapid heartbeat, often described as a fluttering sensation. Depending on the severity of the arrhythmia, that may be the only symptom experienced. Others may experience shortness of breath, fatigue, dizziness or fainting.Types of Arrhythmias Arrhythmias that cause heartbeats that are too fast are called tachycardia. There are several different types of tachycardia, which are categorized by where they originate in the heart.Figure 4 Supraventricular Tachycardia Location and ECG PresentationSupraventricular Tachyca rdia (SVT) is a general term describing any rapid heart rate originating above the ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart). The most common SVTs are described below.Atrial fibrillation (AF or AFib) is the most common SVT. During AF, the heartbeat produced by the atria is irregular and rapid, sometimes up to 4 times faster than normal. This impairs the hearts ability to efficiently pump blood and increases the risk of developing blood clots which can cause a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke.Atrial flutter (AFL) is similar to atrial fibrillation in that it is characterised by a rapid heartbeat, sometimes up to 4 times faster than normal that originates in the atria. It differs from atrial fibrillation (AF) in that the heartbeat is regular, not irregular. Atrial flutter also carries the risk of developing blood clots, though not as great as with AF. With atrial flutter, the electrical taper becomes trapped in the right atrium. It borrowedly travels in a circular pattern inside the right atrium, only on occasion escaping through the AV node to the ventricles. This causes your atria to beat faster than the ventricles of your heart, at rates between 150 and 450 beats each minute.Atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is the second most common SVT. In a normal heart, there is a single electrical pathway, or gate, called an atrioventricular node (AV node) that controls the timing and direction of the electrical planetary house as it travels from the upper chambers (atria) to the lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart. With AVNRT, an extra electrical pathway forms which allows the electrical signal to travel backward through the gate (AV Node) at the same time, starting another heartbeat. During AVNRT the electrical signals continuously go around the 2 pathways in a circular pattern called re-entry. This can lead to a very fast heart rate of 160 to 220 beats per minute.Atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia (AVRT) is similar to AV NRT in that an extra electrical pathway is formed that allows the electrical signal to travel backward from the ventricles to the atria. However, in AVRT the extra pathway circumvents the AV node, or gate. This extra pathway around the outside of the AV node is called an accessory pathway.ventricular Tachycardia (VT) is a rapid heart rate (160 to 240 beats per minute) that originates in the ventricles. It may cause the heart to become unable to pump adequate blood end-to-end the body. VT most often occurs in patients with underlying structural heart disease, such as ischemic heart disease. Figure 6Ventricular Fibrillation ECG PresentationVentricular Fibrillation (VF) is a tachycardia which causes the ventricles to contract in an irregular and very rapid manner. The heart immediately loses its ability to pump blood throughout the body. VF causes immediate loss of consciousness, and is invariably terminal within minutes unless it is stopped (usually by using a defibrillator.)AGE HEA RT ordinate (BEATS/MIN)Infant 120-160Toddler 90-140Preschooler 80-110School-age child 75-100Adolescent 60-90Adult 60-100Table 6 Average Heart Rate Range by Age (Rested)Mr Jones has oxygen saturations of 75%. Please name the appropriate health linguistic process in relation to his oxygen saturations. Normal Range =Pulse oximetry is a non-invasive and continuous method of determining the oxygen saturation of haemoglobin (SpO2). Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) is usually measured with a pulse oximeter placed on the finger. SpO2 is normally 95% to 100%. If the level is below 90%, it is considered low, resulting in hypoxemia. Blood oxygen levels below 80% may compromise organ function, such as the heart and brain, and should be addressed promptly. Accurate SpO2 measurements may be tight to obtain on patients who are hypothermic, receiving IV vasopressor therapy, or experiencing hypoperfusion and vasoconstriction.Figure 9 Pulse OximeterOxygen Saturation LevelsSeverity% SaturationNo ne/Minimal95-100% diffuse90-94%Moderate80-89%SevereTable 7 Oxidation (SpO2) LevelsMr Jones has a RR of 6. Please name the appropriate health terminology in relation to his RR reading. Normal Range =Slow Breathing (Bradypnoea)A slow respiratory rate is usually significant at a rate of 8 or less per minute. a lot this is an emergency and requires immediate therapy. Conditions causing bradypnoea are the ingestion of drugs (such as, alcohol, narcotics, sedative-hypnotics), increased intracranial pressure from trauma and haemorrhage (pressure on the respiratory centre), severe respiratory stamp (that is, CO2 narcosis) and coma from any cause. It is seen in many pre-arrest and end-stage conditions.Treatment Assisted ventilation is often required with a bag-valve-mask (BVM). Endotracheal intubation is frequently necessary.AGE RATE (BREATHS/MIN)Newborn 35-40Infant (6 months) 30-50Toddler (2 years) 25-32Child 20-30Adolescent 16-20Adult 12-20Table 8 Respiration Rate Range by AgeMr Jones has a temperature of 39 C. Please name the appropriate health terminology in relation to his temperature reading. Normal Range =Measurement siteMouth / ArmpitEar / superciliumRectumLow temperatureConsult a doctorNormal temperature35.9 37.0 -C35.8 36.9 -C36.3 37.5 -CYou are perfectly wellIncreased temperature37.1 37.5 -C37.0 37.5 -C37.6 38.0 -CYou should get some restLight fever37.6 38.0 -C37.6 38.0 -C38.1 38.5 -CCheck your temperature regularly and restModerate fever38.1 38.5 -C38.1 38.5 -C38.6 39.0 -CCheck your temperature regularly. Consult a doctor if you get worse or if the fever lasts for more than three daysHigh fever38.6 39.5 -C38.6 39.4 -C39.1 39.9 -CConsult a doctor, especially if the fever lasts for more than one dayVery high fever39.6 42.0 -C39.5 42.0 -C40.0 42.5 -CGo to emergency ward of a hospitalTable 9 Human Body Temperature RangesFigure 12 Centigrade and Fahrenheit Representation of Temperature Ranges and Bodily pumpPlease explain what the term dysph agia means in words that MR Jones can understand.Dysphagia is another term for a swallowing disorder. A person with dysphagia may experience clog swallowing food, liquid and/or their saliva. Some people may be incapable of swallowing at all. Dysphagia occurs when there is a problem with any part of the swallowing process, and often is the result of a stroke. People with dysphagia often have to eat food which is softened and/or mashed and consume liquids which are thickened.Figure 15 Fluid and Food for Dysphagic PersonsPlease describe unilateral paralysis as if you were explaining what this term meant to a family member of Mr Jones and how would this impact on taking his blood pressure?What is hemiplegia?Hemiplegia (sometimes called hemiparesis) is a condition that affects one side of the body. We talk about a right or left hemiplegia, depending on the side affected. It is caused by injury to parts of the brain that control movements of the limbs, chest, face, and so forth. This ma y happen before, during or soon after birth (up to two years of age approximately), when it is known as congenital hemiplegia (or one-party cerebral palsy), or later in life as a result of injury or illness, in which case it is called acquired hemiplegia. Generally, injury to the left side of the brain will cause a right hemiplegia and injury to the right side a left hemiplegia.Hemiplegia is a condition which is lifelong and non-progressive, that is they do not get worse.How does hemiplegia occur?Acquired hemiplegia results from brain injury. The most common cause is a stroke (when a bleed or blood clot damages part of the brain), but it can also result from a head injury or infection.What are the effects of hemiplegia?It is vexed to generalise hemiplegia affects each person differently. The most limpid result is a varying degree of weakness, stiffness (spasticity) and lack of control in the affected side of the body, rather like the effects of a stroke. In one person this may be very obvious (he or she may have little use of one hand, may limp or have poor balance) in another person it will be so slight that it only shows when attempting specific physical activities.What can be done to help?Hemiplegia cannot be cured, but a lot can be done to minimise its effects and help the individual progress to their potential. The person, once diagnosed, will probably be referred to a rehabilitation department of your local or regional hospital. Therapists, who work as part of a wider network of professionals including neurologists and orthopaedic and neurosurgeons, will work in partnership with you to develop his or her abilities.Understanding hemiplegia and knowing how you can help your love one achieve his or her potential is vital.Your loved ones management will probably be based on a multidisciplinary approach, involving physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and possibly speech therapy where required. A physiotherapist and often an occupational therapist will wor k closely with each other and with partners or carers, to agree a programme of management with specific goals that are tailored to your loved ones development and needs. The aim will be to improve their participation in everyday activities e.g. social activities, feeding, cover, and toileting. The therapists will work to develop their skills, assessing posture and providing muscle stretching, and possibly strengthening activities. This will help prevent possible secondary consequences of the condition such as pain or the development of weakened muscles.Goals could include improving function so that your loved one can grasp an target with the affected hand, or walk better. They should take into account the partner/ carers views, the time and effort involved in carrying out therapy activities, the impact on the patient and his/her family and how efficacious the activities might be.A therapy programme will probably include training partners/carers, and later the induvial him/herself , to carry out exercises or techniques which they should continue to use at home, e.g. during dressing or bathing, so that they become part of the individuals everyday life. The persons progress should be reviewed regularly to assess how well the therapy programme is working and consider whether there is a need for other treatments as well. These might include orthoses (devices, such as splints, fitted to the body to improve posture and/or function) medications or orthopaedic surgery.In general the person with hemiplegia should be treated as normally as possible. It is essential to involve the affected side in everyday activities, to make your loved one as two-sided as he or she can be.Are there other problems associated with hemiplegia?Yes, there may be. Because hemiplegia is caused by injury to the brain, it is not just motor pathways and motor development that may be affected. And despite the developing brains effort to relocate functions to undamaged areas, additional diagnoses may occur. Some of these are medical in nature, such as epilepsy, visual impairment or speech difficulties. Many people have less obvious additional challenges, such as perceptual problems, specific learning difficulties or emotional and behavioural problems. Each patient should be fully assessed and regularly monitored to get a line if any of these associated problems are present.What does the future hold?In merely defining hemiplegia with its causes and effects we leave out perhaps the most important issue the shock of diagnosis and the fear of the unknown. When a person is first diagnosed, it is often difficult for a doctor to predict whether problems will be mild or severe later in life. He or she will often adopt a wait and see approach, which the patient and their supporters may find difficult to accept, since they may feel they are not being given all the facts. Understanding hemiplegia and knowing how you can help your loved one achieve his or her potential is vital. Make good use of the specialists dealing with your loved ones hemiplegia. Do ask them questions and make sure you understand their replies, if necessary asking them to repeat them using non- specialist terms.SupportLife can be difficult for someone with hemiplegia who want to do the same things as they previously did. They tire more easily and the effort involved in simple tasks can be considerable. They need all the help and encouragement you can give them. And you need support in your turn ideally from others who understand how you feel and with whom you can also share ideas and information.You may find general support groups for disabled patients and their families in your own area your hospital or library should have information. And you may want to a national organisatio

Chemistry Pilot Experiment :: Papers

Chemistry Pilot Experiment Aim The aim was to become accustomed to working with the equipment and to find optimum levels of hydrochloric tart and atomic number 12 screw thread to produce 60cm of hydrogen, a sensible heart and soul to produce in the real experiment. We also began to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate and the result of the harvest-tide (hydrogen). It also served to discover any errors in the procedure which could affect the final result and prevent us getting accurate results, thus allowing us to abstract these errors in the real experiment. Diagram Method We attached a gas syringe via a plastic thermionic vacuum tube to a test tube and apply a clamp and stand to hold the gas syringe in place. Having poured 25cm of hydrochloric acid (of strength 1M) into the test tube, we placed a strip of atomic number 12 ribbon (which length varied each time we repeated the procedure) in the test tube and rapidly pushed a rubber bung into the top of the test tube to avoid any gas (hydrogen) produced in the reaction escaping. We then poured out the contents of the test tube and repeated the procedure using the same amount of hydrochloric acid but a different length of magnesium ribbon. The next procedure we carried out involved changing another variable. Having discovered what length of magnesium ribbon would produce 60cm of hydrogen when allowed to react with 25cm of hydrochloric acid, we then used this length of magnesium ribbon and the same amount of hydrochloric but changed the temperature of the hydrochloric acid that was allowed to react with the magnesium ribbon to see if this had any effect on the reaction by previously heating the hydrochloric acid to different temperatures using a Bunsen burner. We put down the amount of hydrogen produced every 15 seconds using a stopwatch. Results This is a word equation for the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid m agnesium+ hydrochloric acid magnesium chloride+ hydrogen Here is a table of the amounts of hydrogen produced when 25cm of

Portrayal of London in the Opening of Bleak House Essay example -- ess

The first paragraph of dimmed House alone gives the contributor an instant idea of how Charles Dickens saw London to be around 1842. He has portrayed the streets to be stiffdy and extremely polluted, As much mud in the streets as if the waters had but newly retired from the face of the earth. Here Dickens has used a slight amount of Hyperbole to emphasize his point. He also uses personification when referring to the snow flakes, saying that they have gone into mourning, ?smoke lowering down from the chimneypots, making a soft black drizzle, with flakes of soot in it as big as full-grown snowflakes?gone into mourning, one might imagine, for the death of the sunbathe.? the short letter of the imagery he is using helps for the reader to imagine the scene, the contrast of the black flakes of soot and the white snow flakes, in my opinion could represent good and evil, and the idea that London is so evil and polluted that their snow flakes be no longer white, they have turned black. He also makes reference to the cold dark weather they be having at the time, referring to it as ?the death of the sun?. Readers may see this as Pathetic Fallacy as he refers to the foot passengers on the streets of London as having ?A general infection of bronchitic temper? giving the impression that the cold harsh weather and surroundings make people more irritable but also reflecting the peoples ill temperedness in the weather.?Fog everywhere. Fog up the river, where it flows among green aits and meadows, fog down the river?. Repetition is used a lot here to have impact. The fact that fog is restate so many times gives the reader the impression that there is an overwhelming amount of fog, and to give the reader the sense that there is no way they shadow escape the fog, fog ... ...tected from the fog, as if he is like the eye of the storm, ?softly fenced in?. The fog and misery of London which is portrayed in the opening of Bleak House seems to centre on Lincoln?s Inn Hall an d the Lord Chancellor, Dickens has given the reader the impression that the government is to blame and that they are just for show and don?t do anything to help, just put on a show for the people of London, as they are purely ceremonial, ? path their goat-hair and horsehair warded heads against walls of words and making a pretence of equality with serious faces.? Dickens is making the statement that the Government seems to only have time for the rich and triple-crown apposed to the poor and that they do not view society equally, but they try to pretend they do. This gives the reader the impression that London is very much based on classes according to the government.