Employment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Business Law - Essay Example For a considerable length of time the apparel business had been attempting to assemble an association for representatives in the business. Since the organization was opening up to the world and Clark’s organization had 100 workers, the agents from the association moved toward Ms. Clark to look for consent to contact the organization representatives. While this was not so much important, they did it because of regard for Ms. Clark. At the point when Ms. Clark was brought by her CEO and the directorate, she fastidiously related the law’s remain on the matter of associations and their privileges to contact representatives. Associations and aggregate bartering understandings properly refer to that any announcement or any arrangement which makes any type of derivation of notwithstanding a specialist or even an association delegate from being a piece of a worker's organization is unlawful under law. In this way, Ms. Clark can squeeze charges on her bosses for attempting to co erce her into surrendering to their requests and impulses of preventing laborers from joining the worker's guild. Under law, refered to by the yellow canine agreement, laborers must forgo understandings by bosses that expect them to make settlements not to join associations later on or so as to hold their livelihoods. Such settlements or understandings are illicit. In actuality they have been illicit since 1932. The retirement bundle that was introduced to Ms. Was not finished as legally necessary. The bundle didn't broaden the typical retirement benefits and didn't expand protection inclusion, or even compensation her government disability as required until the age of 59. Also, the bundle didn't considerably offer her purchase out-reserves. The retirement bundle introduced by the organization smells old enough segregation on Ms. Clark. She fits the age section which is over 40 years. The Age Discrimination Act shields from such excusal as that of Ms. Clark on the grounds that the explanation she was excused isn't clear. She accomplishes her function admirably however when she chooses to allow access to the association agents she is excused for declining to acknowledge a defective retirement bundle. Under this

Spring Break Essay

Dylan Farmer 1/24/2012 English 101 Spring break is fundamentally a period of celebrating for most young people that go to my secondary school, yet I was set for California with my girlfriend’s family to essentially investigate an entire opposite side of the U. S. California is the spot that each individual and the world needs to go for their spring break. I was glad that my girlfriend’s mother is a trip specialist, so we got a truly decent arrangement at the costs of our flight and on the inn costs. Only for additional pleasant we headed to Chicago and remained there for two evenings. We investigated downtown Chicago, all the astounding buildings.We even got the opportunity to go into the old Sears Tower, which was something that I think everybody needs to see. It's most likely perhaps the best sight I've at any point seen, other than the reality I've just observed a decent view going down Quincy slope close to my old neighborhood. I neglected to make reference to that when we left for our trip to California that would have been my first time regularly passing quickly on a plane. It was energizing to fly, particularly since it would have been a long three hour flight. I felt like a little child again when the airline steward gave me my wings for flying for my first time.Not all individuals on the planet get the opportunity to encounter flying, so I thought I was truly fortunate to get the chance to appreciate this experience. We showed up in Los Angeles, California. The inn we remained in was perhaps the best inn I've at any point been in. This lodging was so enormous and extravagant, and the weight room that was there was greater than the wellness place back home. This lodging additionally had two pools. The open air pool looked extremely excellent, in light of the fact that it had a mammoth water fall driving into the pool, yet it was shut down while we were was remaining there, so I simply utilized the ordinary regular lodging pool, which was i ndoors.It was entirely mind blowing to see something like this on how lovely a solitary inn could be, and look. Investigating the roads of California was extremely fun. I adventured through the style locale, which has a great deal of modest things. There was some child attempting to sell me copyrighted DVDs, which I really purchased, yet out of the three I purchased, yet just one of the motion pictures worked. One of the conspicuous reasons of why I went to California was that I got the opportunity to see all the astonishing locales that every single ordinary visitor go and see.We all strolled around the Sanna Monica Pier, Manhattan Pier, and furthermore to the incomparable Venice sea shore. It was extremely beautiful spot to see all the individuals strolling around and all the little blessing shops on the sea shore. Be that as it may, out of the three wharfs I went to, the Manhattan Pier was one of my top picks, since I got the opportunity to see my first dolphin, which was quite m agnificent, and I never thought I’d really get the opportunity to see one with the brief period that I was there. Later in that week our last excursion was to Hollywood Boulevard, which was an insane spot to meet some unusual people.There was many individuals singing, moving, selling stuff, or some other arbitrary approaches to make a dollar. Hollywood Boulevard was as yet an intriguing spot, seeing all the stars on the ground with some impression in it or their composition. One really fascinating thing that I saw is that Muhammad Ali’s star was the one in particular that was hanging up, in light of the fact that the various stars where just on the ground, yet I surmise he was the warrior of America. At the point when the time had come to leave California, I was feeling something other than what's expected than expected, as I would not like to return home perfectly yet.I simply needed to remain there and appreciate the sun. I realized that my spring break needed to end sooner or later, however It was simply astounding how unique the general public was here than Michigan. I think I preferred it better here, yet that is most likely in light of the fact that I’m not living here day in and day out like I am in Michigan. I contemplated internally how I would prefer to go on get-aways than celebrating for my spring break. Spring break is the place one can really find out about an alternate state and see new sightings just because. It was an extraordinary encounter to go on this outing to California.

Manager Interview Activity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chief Interview Activity - Essay Example - Rewarding undertakings are interfacing with visitors that come in and meeting fascinating individuals from everywhere throughout the world. Most testing is proceeding to ensure the lodging keeps on submitting to the corporate establishment rules and guidelines. Individuals from corporate office will once in a while fly in for a night’s remain just to guarantee everything is running easily and it tends to pummel your nerves. Greater adaptability and time with family however most be accessible in crisis. - An open entryway approach with her representatives. Everybody must know their errands however then she needs to now and then representative others to do different occupations also in the event that somebody phones in debilitated. She likewise said it’s significant for everybody to know each other’s jobs and to let them impart in the event that they have plan clashes. Must be amicable and affable to visitors and should likewise repeat to somebody if a mix-up is made or a difficult needs illuminated. Holding quarterly workforce conferences and some of the time gatherings that are critical just to distinguish an issue and examine the arrangement of how it will function. Everybody from the servants to the support individuals and work area assistants realize how to do each other’s occupations on the off chance that somebody needs to fill in. - Getting connected to representatives since it is a little branch and making an effort not to drive them sufficiently crazy to stop. Stopping any office tattle is likewise hard. Planning can be troublesome. Not every person is set but rather she stays adaptable. - Be solid, neighborly and aware. Continuously seek supervisors above you for help. Ensure you know the jobs of others and are set up to be propelled and furthermore need to assume liability for the entire branch. Any error made by a worker under her watch thinks about her. At the point when they mess up she gets called upon by individuals higher up. I was astounded to discover the chief was really not officially taught and simply had a secondary school recognition. At the point when I talked about

Some Uses For Mockingbird Persuasive Essay Topics

Some Uses For Mockingbird Persuasive Essay TopicsYou can use a mockingbird persuasive essay topic to get more attention. This isn't just a hot topic that is being used to annoy the other person, but rather a good thing. In fact it is used to help people see through the naysayers. The point is that this is not just something you use to get attention, but an important subject.Take a look at this red tail grouse. It is in the middle of the night and you hear a loud noise outside. You're worried about it, but decided that since you've seen the bird fly away, you're going to let it be. Unfortunately for you, the bird happens to return. It is now using the same tactic that it did before, and you are now hearing the same kind of noise.There is a technique to use with the red tail grouse. You just need to change the tactic that it used before, or else the sound that it was making before will never work. This is a lot like with the bird that flew out of your window. The key is to make the sou nd louder, and more intense than it was before.You can use a mockingbird persuasive essay topics, to tell others that you will beat them with the most powerful force they can not withstand. This is a lot like the bird that came back. Instead of being scared, you now know what is going on. People who know about this tactic, and want to use it, will continue to use it. No matter how angry you are, you will find that there is no stopping you.When you start to write your article, be sure to think about the method that you are going to use. What they are going to think about it? You don't want to write about it. Instead, think about the feeling that the other person will have when they read your article. Now you will want to take this into consideration and include some good strategies that they can implement that will work against you. But you want to make sure that you write a persuasive essay, and use tactics that will allow you to win over the other person.You should be able to creat e your paper without any help from the person you are writing for. You shouldn't have to take their help. However, it is a good idea to include the best strategies and techniques to make a persuasive essay. They should be able to see that you understand that you cannot win in an argument with someone who has really researched their arguments. So in your paper, don't just include the facts, but talk about the facts as well.Although you might be able to think of something that will work against the other person in the persuasive essay topics, you should take this into consideration. You should try to figure out how you will win their minds, and keep them where you want them to be. Mockingbirds work, and you can use these tactics to get more attention.

The Source Of Referral Was Referred By An Outpatient...

The source of referral was referred by an outpatient mental health provider, through the request of the Los Angeles County Department of Mental Health. The client was referred to obtain in-home intensive services by a Full Service Partnership (FSP) program. The client referenced in this case will be referred as Alyssa in order to protect this person’s true identity by maintaining confidentiality. Alyssa is a 26 year-old Hispanic female, who has been linked recently to the Full Service Partnership (FSP) program. Alyssa presents to be oriented to time, place, person, and situation. At times, she presents well groomed and other times disheveled. Alyssa is currently facing a life-style transition which has stirred up emotions of†¦show more content†¦Currently, she has no desire to engage in social activities which is impaired by feelings of sadness. She also reports that she does not have many friends, but the few she has tend to let her down. Alyssa reports her bes t friend is her biological mother. As for having intimate relationships, she will engage in risky sexual activity with any male she meets at a party. Alyssa reports of having multiple incidents of cutting self on her wrists and inner thighs. She states this makes her feel good when she is unable to deal with emotional pain. She reports of battling with bulimia during her teenage years because she felt her weight was inappropriate. Alyssa denies having an eating disorder or using substance abuse at the present time. Though, she reports of not being able to maintain employment and has also been struggling with completing her GED. Alyssa reports she has many goals but has difficulty with following through. Alyssa grew up with her mother, father and brother. She reports having a close relationship with her biological parents; that was until she turned the age of 6. Alyssa’s biological father left the home because he was an abusive husband. He would verbally and physically abuse her biological mother. Since then, Alyssa and her older biological brother were raised by their biological mother. Alyssa’s highest level of education completion is the 9th grade. She is able to read and write proficiently. As for her

Ethics And Moral Reasoning Of The Dalai Lama - 930 Words

In today s world, the role of technology has become primal and a necessity in our daily lives. In The Dalai Lama, we are able to see the astounding capabilities that the new technological advancements are able to do. However, to only a certain extent are these advancements beneficial, as these improvements can as well lead to serious matters in regards to our system of ethics and moral reasoning. By being able to establish a limit on the use of these advancements, it is possible to create a balance between the benefits of the technological improvements and being able to maintain a system of global ethics. The role of genetic manipulation, cloning and selection of traits all have potential in providing humanity with assistance in making daily living an unchallenging asset. Genetic manipulation has benefited the human race on a exceptional level, the ability of genetically manipulating foods creates a world filled with food. Many of the fruits and foods we eat daily have already been genetically manipulated, pg (133) Seedless watermelons, apples that have longer shelf lives, wheat and other grains that are immune to pests when growing in the field... By genetically manipulating foods, we are able to increase the amount of time foods and fruits have as well as making them easier to eat. The technological advancements also enables there to be more food production. The Dalai Lama states pg. (133) It is now possible to create new breeds of plants with far higher yields andShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship Between Morality and Religion in the Dalai Lama and John Pope Ii Perspective1609 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Dalai Lama and John Pope II Perspective The complexities on the issue of the relationship between religion and morality is intriguing in the sense that there is no right or wrong answer, but merely your own intrinsic belief. 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Burr Authors Go Here Authors Go Here Authors Go Here Visit http://nursing.jbpub.com/communityhealth for Visit http://nursing.jbpub.com/communityhealth interactive exercises, review questions, WebLinks for interactive exercises, review questions, and more. Web links, and more.  © Jones and Bartlett Publishers, LLC. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. 1786X_CH11_248_269.pdf 248 12/30/08 10:30:24 AM REFLECTIONS It has become

Soft Drink Industry Analysis Report

Question : What is the Analysis Report of soft Drink ? Answer : Introduction Soft drink industry enjoys profitability particularly for concentrate producers compared to bottler. The Michaels Porters Five Forces has remained the de facto framework for analysis of industry since its inception. The Five Forces gives the measure of how the market derives its attractiveness. In this analysis, the conclusion drawn from Five Forces scrutiny is applied by analysts in the determination of risk of the Coca-Cola Company in soft drink industry. Bottlers The bottlers buy concentrate and then combine it with carbonated water alongside fructose corn syrup, bottle which is the resultant CSD produce and subsequently supply it to the accounts of customer. The procedure of bottling remains a capital intensive and requires high hustle production line which remain substitutable solely for merchandises of comparable kind and packages of analogous size. Firms like Pepsi and Coke enjoy franchisee contracts with the available bottlers that hinder them from partaking new rivaling brands for comparable commodities (Hamer, 2011). Bottlers engaged in bottling a commodity of a firm can never back any other firm, therefore, rendering it hard for a new contestant. Moreover, with backward integration, whereby Pepsi and Coke purchase substantial percent of bottling firms, it remains hard for a company making entry to get bottlers eager to dispense its produce (Gasmi, Laffont Vuong, 2014). To attempt to establish its individual bottling plant, a new competitor would be extremely capital intensive and a hard chore. Retailers The CSDS distribution occurs via Supermarkets, vending machines, fountain outlets, convenience stores, mass merchandisers, gas stations and drug chains alongside other outlets. Supermarkets remains the major distribution channel whereby bottlers battler for shelf space to make sure visibility for products. There will be strong rivalry for a new-fangled entrant in this ever-enlarging range of commodities given by current firms. The mass merchandisers include discount retailers and warehouse such as Walmart. Such firms sell widespread alongside prominent commodities such as Pepsi alongside Coke, hence for a new participant to penetrate, a merchandiser remains a hard mission. Concentrate Producers Concentrate producers also play a key role in the soft drink industry value chain. It is these producers that starts the process of soft drink production. They produce Syrup which is then used by bottler through the distributor to merchant and finally to consumer. They produce these beverage concentrates alongside syrups to ratified bottling associates, that make ultimate item through the combination of concentrates with sweeteners and carbonated or still water alongside additional ingredients. The bottlers will subsequently package concentrate producers products in bottles thereby selling them indirectly to distributors or directly to retailers. Suppliers These can be looked at in terms of commodity ingredients. Most of raw materials required for the production of concentrate remain basic merchandises including flavor, color, packaging, additives, and sugar. Such commodities essentially remain basic. Accordingly, producers of such commodities lack power over pricing and, therefore, suppliers in the industry remain feeble (Zhang Suslick, 2013). Buyers Food stores, vending, convenience stores, fast food fountain alongside others remain major channels for soft drink industry. The profitability of individual segment precisely indicate the power of buyers and the how dissimilar buyers make payment for diverse prices on the basis of their negotiating power. For food stores sector, the buyers are consolidate somewhat with many chain stores and scarce domestic supermarkets. They can avail space for premium shelf thereby giving them ability to command lesser prices. Their concentrate producers NOPBT is 0.23 dollars per case. For convenience stores sector of the buyers remains disjointed exceptionally and, therefore, buyers have to make payment at greater prices. The NOPBT in this subdivision is 0.59 dollars a case. For Fountain sector of buyers remain least profitable since there are large amount of purchasers they make. It permits them to enjoy liberty of negotiating. Coke mainly regard fountain sector paid sampling with low margins. The NOBTB of fountain is $0.09 a case. For vending segment which serves customers straight with unconditionally no power with purchaser. It has NOBT of $0.97 a case. Substitutes There is a big number of alternatives including beer, coffee, water, and juices among others to final customers. However, this contradicted by concentrates benefactors by enormous brand equity, advertising as well as making products available effortlessly for customers that most alternatives can never match (Porter, 2008). Moreover, soft drink firms like Coca-Cola engage in business diversification by providing substitutes individually thereby shielding their products from competition (Porter, 2011). How Formidable Are Barriers Various factors make it hard for competition to enter soft drink industry. For example, with respect to Bottling Networks, Coke and Pepsi enjoy franchisee contracts with prevailing bottlers that further enjoy privileges in given geographical regions perpetually. Such contracts hinder bottlers from supporting new-fangled rival brands for comparable commodities. The latest bottlers alliance alongside backward integration whereby Pepsi and Coke purchase substantial percentage of bottling firms has made it further problematic for a company incoming to get bottlers enthusiastic to undertake distribution of their products (Barney, 2015). Therefore, new entrants trying and building bottling plants will mean capital intensive effort with newfangled well-organized plant capital needs which locks them out. The huge advertising cost further makes it awfully hard for a new entrant to contend with existing firms and advance visibility. The Coca-Cola enjoys an extended advertising history thereby earning enormous quantity of brand equity alongside loyal customers worldwide. This virtually makes it incredible for any new entrant to cope such a scale in industry (Yoffie, 2012). Retailer further puts barriers as they enjoy substantial margins of fifteen to twenty percent on such drinks for the offered shelf space. Such margins remain fairly substantial for bottom line. They thus make it hard for new contestants to persuade retailers to substitute or carry new commodities for Pepsi and Coke. Fear of reprisal also puts formidable barrier as new entrants fear already entrenched Coco-Cola which is a rival behemoth. Coca-Cola can use price wars that effect new entrant. How Intense is Rivalry Coke has remained increasingly dominant controlling 53 percent of share of market in the year 1999 in global marketplace in comparison to 21 percent of Pepsi. This is because Coke took advantage of Pepsi making entry into the market a bit late. Accordingly, Coke has established own bottlers alongside networks for distribution particularly in advanced economies (Yoffie, 2012). This puts Pepsi at substantial drawbacks contrasted to United States marketplace. However, Pepsi is attempting to pawn Coke by aggressively competing in evolving markets whereby supremacy of Coke is never as entrenched (McKelvey, 2011). The rivalry globally is headed for a more entrenchment with expectation that emerging markets growth will substantially surpass developed markets growth. Conclusion The profitability of concentrate business is high than bottling business. There is a need for vertical integration to ensure attractiveness in packaging to final user and hence forestall new rivalry from making entry into business where they have bottling control. Coca-Cola should increase diversification into drinks that are non-carbonated. This will pawn the crushing carbonated drinks demand hence sustaining its profitability in wake of flattening demand as well as rising attractiveness of non-carbonated drinks. References Barney, J. B. (2015). Looking inside for competitive advantage. The Academy of Management Executive, 9(4), 49-61. Gasmi, F., Laffont, J. J., Vuong, Q. (2014). Econometric Analysisof Collusive Behaviorin a Soft?Drink Market. Journal of Economics Management Strategy, 1(2), 277-311. Hamer, L. O. (2011). Us versus them: oppositional brand loyalty and the cola wars. NA-Advances in Consumer Research Volume 28. McKelvey, S. M. (2011). Coca-Cola vs. PepsiCo-A" Super" Battleground for the Cola Wars?. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 15(2), 114. Porter, M. E. (2008). The five competitive forces that shape strategy. Harvard business review, 86(1), 25-40. Porter, M. E. (2011). How competitive forces shape strategy. Strategic Planning: Readings, 102-117. Yoffie, D. B. (2012). Cola wars continue: Coke and Pepsi in the twenty-first century. Harvard Business School Publishing Corporation. Zhang, C., Suslick, K. S. (2013). Colorimetric sensor array for soft drink analysis. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 55(2), 237-242.

Safety Cultures A Case Study from the Oil and Gas Industry free essay sample

These definitions share a common thread, the idea that culture is socially constructed. In other words, members of the culture in question create, define, protect and teach it to new members. Humans cannot operate without cultures. These systems provide roadIN BRIEF maps for their members to know how †¢This case study discusses to make sense of what is happening in how new training videos were their lives and how to deal with it. Patdeveloped for high-risk, blueton (2002) defines culture as: collar workers in the oil and [T]hat collection of behavior patgas extraction industry. terns and beliefs that constitutes: †¢NIOSH’s Oil and Gas Injury †¢standards for deciding what is; Reduction project is focused †¢standards for deciding how on developing culturally one feels about it; relevant and acceptable mate†¢standards for deciding what to rials for workers. do about it; †¢Steps for undertaking an †¢standards for deciding how to occupational ethnography or go about doing it. We will write a custom essay sample on Safety Cultures: A Case Study from the Oil and Gas Industry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page p. 81) work culture study are examCulture has been described as â€Å"the ined, as are ideas on why work collective programming of the mind stories matter, and who might be the most effective people to which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from star in training videos. another† (Hofstede, 1997, p. 5). Sim†¢Tips on creating training ply, culture is â€Å"the way we do things videos in the field are offered around here. † as well. An individual can be a member of Elaine T. Cullen, Ph. D. , M. B. A. , CMSP, has spent nearly 40 years in the field of occupational safety and health research, specializing in underground coal and hard rock mining. Based in Spokane, WA, she worked for the U. S. Bureau of Mines’ Spokane Research Lab for 26 years, then for NIOSH, for which she was the lab’s communications chief. After retiring from the federal government, she started Prima Consulting Services and is currently working as an occupational health consultant with NIOSH’s Oil and Gas Injury Prevention program. Cullen’s primary research interests are in developing effective training for high-risk workers, and in the power stories have to teach workplace safety. She is a member of ASSE’s Inland Northwest Chapter and of the Mining and Oil Gas practice specialties. Effective Training By Elaine T. Cullen C many different cultures. A person may be a member of a family that has its own rules and traditions; s/he may be a member of a church that provides definite guidance on what constitutes moral behavior; s/he may be an alumnus of a school with well-defined customs; and s/he may work for an organization with established policies and procedures. Each culture differs from the others, with different members, and with rules and standards that govern different elements of a person’s life. All of these cultures share common traits, however. Cultures: †¢are socially constructed systems; †¢have developed over time; †¢are shared by all of the members; †¢define who is a member and who is not; †¢provide a social road map on what is acceptable and what is not; †¢can be difficult to describe but are quite obvious to both members and outsiders. Cultures are important because they control, to a large degree, the actions of everyone inside of them. Arnould and Wallendorf (1994) describe culture as â€Å"the cumulative total of learned beliefs, values, and customs that serve to order, guide, and direct the behavior of members . . . [it is] that which one needs to know to behave in a manner acceptable to its members† (p. 485). A member of a culture cannot go against that culture and expect to 40 ProfessionalSafety MARCH 2011 www. asse. org remain a trusted insider. The culture will always have penalties for rule breakers; in extreme cases, those penalties will include banishment. Occupational Ethnography Occupational cultures have particular significance for SHE professionals because they control how workers behave on the job. Workers in high-risk industries such as mining, commercial fishing, or oil and gas extraction do not generally define themselves by who they work for, but rather by what they do. In many of these industries, workers are fairly transient, moving from mine to mine, boat to boat, or rig to rig, looking not only for better pay, but also for better working conditions or, sometimes, to do something different. Hard rock mining has a term for these miners, calling them tramp miners, because they tramp from site to site, or gypos, a term generally believed to derive from their gypsy nature. Workers who refer to themselves as gypos, roughnecks or seiners are more strongly connected to their occupational norms than to any company policies. If they do not like the company rules, they simply move on. Policies and procedures that are not acceptable to a work culture will not be adopted by the workforce, regardless of organizational consequences. Therefore, it makes sense for a person trying to convince workers to change the way they do things to understand their work cultures and to use those cultures rather than struggle against them. Ethnography is the study of human cultures. While sociologists often use ethnography to learn why young people start smoking, for example, or how fraternal orders attract new members, it is an excellent tool to learn how occupational cultures work. It is the primary tool used in a NIOSH project focused on developing effective safety and health training for the landbased oil and gas (OG) extraction and production industry, commonly known as the upstream portion of that industry (which includes exploration, drilling and all servicing operations for the wells themselves). Research included in this project is qualitative rather than quantitative in nature in that researchers are more interested in discovering what is going on and why than in measuring or evaluating. Gathering Information on Work Cultures If occupational culture is a key to worker behavior, then it makes sense that a safety trainer, training developer or operator should understand the norms and values, the expectations and prohibitions, the heroes and the villains, and, particularly, the stories shared among members of the culture. All of these factors provide clues about what controls the culture has on the workers, and all can be used to craft training that not only will be accepted, but also valued. How does one begin to study a work culture? A work culture cannot be studied effectively from a distance. To learn the culture and what really matters to workers, one must visit worksites and spend time with workers, whether on fishing boats or at construction sites, mines or oil rigs. When NIOSH funded the project to study the culture of OG extraction and production workers, the first step was to create an organized plan to gather information on key topics. This plan was based on experiences and knowledge gained while studying mining cultures. This included: †¢demographic patterns; †¢environmental issues; †¢work practices; †¢occupational norms and values; †¢workplace taboos and prohibitions; †¢language unique to this culture; †¢beliefs common to workers, particularly beliefs about safety; †¢geographical differences from one oil field to another; †¢recognized heroes and mentors; †¢stories told by members; †¢differences in company cultures. Ethnographers gather this type of information in three primary ways (LeCompte Schensul, 1999). They study: 1) what people say (this includes the â€Å"tribal language† or jargon commonly used); 2) what people do; 3) what artifacts (or documents) they choose to create. Studying any culture in situ requires immersion of the researcher, to some degree, in the work culture itself. While SHE personnel may be tempted to make suggestions or try to influence workers’ actions when observing, it is critical to stay out of the way and make no attempt to change or bias the culture at this stage of the process. This does not include situations where workers’ lives are in danger. SHE professionals must address those immediately. ) To develop a valid picture of work culture that is useful for creating culturally acceptable training materials, the researcher must stay neutral, and confine his/her actions to asking questions, seeking clarification and watching. Those accustomed to fast responses to any situation may initially perceive an ethnographic study as a long, drawn -out process, particularly if they have no prior knowledge of the work or the culture of the workers. However, learning about workers in order to create safety training that is unique to their needs is not a waste of time. The most obvious benefit is the ability to create more effective training. Learning About the OG Industry The data gathering plan for this project began with going into the field and talking to workers. The OG extraction industry in the U. S. is divided www. asse. org MARCH 2011 ProfessionalSafety 41 Photo 1: Walking rigs are large land-based rigs used on locations where numerous wells are drilled in a small area. nto distinct fields that are tracked and reported by the Energy Administration Information office of the Department of Energy (www. eia. doe. gov/ oil_gas/rpd/topfields. pdf). Certain fields were selected as starting points, including the Permian Basin in west Texas, the Piceance Basin in western Colorado, the San Juan Basin in northwest New Mexico, the Barnett Shales in central Texas, the Jonah Fields of northern Colorado, and the TXLA-MS Salt Province o f east Texas and Louisiana. These fields included both natural gas and oil formations, and shallow as well as deep reserves. OG companies do not generally drill their own wells. Specialized companies are contracted to do this, along with numerous well servicing contractors that help bring a well into production. For the early phases of this project, the primary focus was on the drilling operations rather than the service tasks. Later phases of the project will include other types of rigs as well as other operations such as the trucking companies that move rigs from site to site. In July 2008, site visits were set up to learn about drilling operations and to begin gathering information on the workforce. Drill rigs come in many sizes, and companies hire rigs depending on the depth of the hole to be drilled and the geologic complexity that will be encountered. For wells that are shallow (e. g. , less than 1 mile deep), rigs are smaller and may even be truck-mounted, similar to water well drilling units. Larger rigs are more complex, but the processes used to drill a hole and to move the rig to new locations are largely the same, regardless of size. Most drill rigs use five- or six-person crews, with either two or three crews per rig, depending on shift 42 ProfessionalSafety MARCH 2011 www. sse. org (or tower as it is known in the industry) length. The rig boss, known as the tool pusher, lives on site in a house trailer provided by the company so that he is always available. Each rig usually has two tool pushers, and these men rotate their hitches (number of days worked before going on leave) so that a supervisor is always on site. For the rigs visited, the hitches for tool pushers ran ged from 3 days to 2 weeks, while the hitches for the men ranged from 1 to 3 weeks. Use of the word â€Å"men† is purposeful. In more than 2 years and visits to more than 40 rigs, the author has not encountered a woman working on a rig. This is a male-dominated work culture. Learning about a new industry takes more than a few visits to worksites. One must systematically gather information. Consequently, a list of questions was developed to help identify cultural norms. The initial list was based on the author’s experiences in the mining industry; it was meant to be general enough to provide a broad introduction to the industry that could subsequently be refined to capture more subtle cultural data. Information was gathered on the following: †¢drill rig site, name, company and method; †¢location and size of workforce; †¢union affiliation (if any); †¢contractors (if any); †¢rough percentage of new hires (workers with less than 1 year of experience); †¢general workforce demographics; †¢training required and who provided it (both for career and for this rig); †¢preferred materials/media for training, including available facilities; †¢common beliefs and perceptions about safety and work hazards; †¢work practices and how work is assigned to different workers; †¢best practices and/or company policies concerning operations; †¢recognized â€Å"masters† (who do people look up to and why); †¢incidents, injuries and near misses workers have experienced or witnessed. Some items fell out fairly quickly. For example, labor unions are not common, and every rig visited was contracted rather than owned and operated by the en ergy company. In addition, this industry reacts rapidly to commodity prices. When prices are high, a site will have a significant number of new hires with little experience; when prices drop, new hires are the first to lose their jobs, as the rigs they work on are stacked and no longer available for hire. Therefore, the percentage of inexperienced workers was a moving target. The original questions served as a starting point. Workers provided much information that was used to refine the data gathering necessary to begin developing a picture of this unique work culture. Over the next 2 years, the research team visited more than 40 rigs in seven different areas of the country. These included small, mobile rigs, rigs in service for more than 60 years (most still using manual methods), others that were only months old as well as much more automated, and large â€Å"walking† rigs. Walking rigs are large land-based rigs used on locations where numerous wells are drilled in a small area. Rather than dismantling the rig to move it to a new site, workers â€Å"walk† it forward to its intended location. This relatively new technology is more commonly found in western oil fields, where many wells are clustered on a single site (Photo 1). More than 1,000 photographs were taken of rigs, sites, workers, and any other signs or artifacts that would provide clues about the culture. Standard ethnographic tools were employed, including interviews, observations, field notes, informal conversations, and review of documents such as company policies, safety posters and training materials. In all cases, the primary gatekeeper for access to the sites was the safety director for the energy company or the drilling company. These individuals provided a wealth of information on tasks and procedures as well as access to the rigs. In all cases, they were invaluable to the project’s success. Why Stories Matter High-risk work cultures share a love of stories. Stories provide more than entertainment on worksites; they are used to share information about cultural norms and expectations, and provide graphic illustrations about what happens if those norms are violated (Cullen, 2008). The roughnecks working in the OG drilling industry are no exception. They shared stories about people they had met, about near misses (called â€Å"near hits† by most of them), about weather extremes, and about many incidents that provided harsh but valuable lessons on how to do this work. They also talked about what they do when not working, including stories about family, friends and leisure-time activities. All of these provide keys to what these workers value. Stories share important features that make them valuable to an ethnographer. First, they are always culturally-based. This means that they are situated; they are about someone, who is doing something located somewhere, during a specific time. Stories reveal much about the culture, through the language used, the actions of heroes and villains, and the reactions of listeners. Stories also help people organize information in a way that is understandable. New hires in the OG industry often have a difficult time breaking out (a term used for entering the workforce for the first time) because of the unfamiliar tools, terms, work practices or expectations they must master in order to perform the job (Livo Rietz, 1986). It can be bewildering to be new on a jobsite where even the tools have unfamiliar names. To remain safe while they learn the job, new workers need a way to deal with an abundance of information; stories help them do so (Cullen Fein, 2005). If the goal of safety training is to educate new employees on work hazards and convince all employees to act safely on the job, stories are an excellent tool. Haven (2007) presents the results of several research studies on the power of stories to provide information and help create meaning. He says research shows that stories are effective teaching tools because they evoke prior knowledge; provide details that may be otherwise ignored; and improve comprehension (p. 92). Stories are remembered by listeners because they are more interesting than facts or statistics. Listeners can learn vicariously, putting themselves into the story to not only think about what is happening, but also to feel the emotions and decide what they would have done had they been the protagonist. Trainees listen with different levels of consciousness, according to Neuhauser (1993), who believes that using the whole brain allows learners to understand what they are hearing, as well as to feel it. For safety trainers, stories are one of the most powerful tools available. The good news is that stories are everywhere. Every incident/injury statistic has a story behind it, and every SHE regulation is â€Å"written in blood. † Workers are eager to share Studying any cultheir stories if they believe they will not be penal- ture in situ requires immersion of the ized for doing so. researcher, to some degree, in the work Insiders Gatekeepers One primary role of cultures is to define who is/is culture itself. not a member (Van Maanen Barley, 1984). Highrisk work cultures are particularly adept at this because members believe they are the only ones who â€Å"have what it takes† to perform the work. They be- Occupational Culture Occupational culture and organizational culture are not the same. While an organization’s rules—its policies and procedures—are usually written and distributed, occupational rules are not. Work culture rules are pragmatic in that they are developed over time by workers themselves, and provide a road map for survival for members of the culture to follow. Insiders instruct new members in â€Å"the way we do things around here† and provide both rewards for following cultural rules, and sanctions for violating them. Members tie their identity closely to their work (not their company), and share values, norms and perspectives with those who perform the same type of work, often choosing to socialize exclusively with fellow workers. Occupational cultures that involve shared danger, such as firefighters, the military or high-risk industries, are strong and will resist changes suggested by outsiders. The sense of fraternity that shared danger creates is part of the identity of insiders, who do not believe others could do the work, or that they understand those who do. Occupational cultures are powerful tools that can be used to create effective training. www. asse. org MARCH 2011 ProfessionalSafety 43 Photos 2 and 3 show the patch dog and worm stickers developed for the OG project. ieve that outsiders do not understand the dangers and the difficulty and, therefore, have little credibility inside the culture. For workers in these industries to learn from safety messages or trainers, the messages/train ers need to be perceived as being knowledgeable about and sympathetic to the culture. Gatekeepers can be both formal and informal leaders. For this project, the formal leaders provided access to worksites and to other insiders. Initially, contacts were safety directors or supervisors, who were generous with their time and were willing to spend days in the field, visiting different rigs in the area. On a rig site, visitors must check in with the site manager (the tool pusher). Some sites also had a company man who represented the energy company’s interests. He was also concerned with safety, but the drilling operations were the tool pusher’s responsibility. On the rig floor, the driller was generally the first-line supervisor and in charge of the safety of the work team, which was made up of a motor man, a derrick man (who also was responsible for checking on drilling fluid, or mud), and one or more floor hands. This is a hierarchical team, with workers breaking out as floor hands and moving into other positions when ready and as positions become available. More experienced workers often have performed all of these jobs and can fill in for others as necessary. When a new hire first breaks out, he is known as a worm, a position he will hold for several months until he reaches a level of knowledge and expertise at which point he can be a floor hand. Worms usually wear hardhats of a different color (e. g. , green or orange) so that other workers can immediately identify them and can watch out for and teach them. Informal leaders are almost always present on high-risk worksites. These individuals have earned the respect and admiration of peers, usually by mastering aspects of the job with which others struggle. They may have many years’ experience or may have a special talent for performing a certain task. They may also have survived an incident that gives them authority to speak about specific hazards and what can happen if safety precautions are ignored. It is easy to identify these people. Others on the team may tell stories about them (the â€Å"hero stories† that include information about valued attributes in the culture) and they are usually the go-to people when someone needs advice or information. Workers may hang back when asked to do something, waiting to see what the masters do. These people can be powerful gatekeepers into MARCH 2011 www. asse. org occupational cultures. If they refuse to cooperate for whatever reason, it is unlikely that other members will cooperate. They are also excellent choices to be spokespersons or informal trainers if one is producing safety training products. They are trusted insiders and will command others’ attention, while outsiders have yet to establish any credibility and could be viewed with skepticism if not disdain. As information was gathered, the author talked to workers with only a few days experience to those who had been there nearly 40 years. Believing that roughnecks were similar to miners and would appreciate hardhat stickers, several stickers were designed. Workers were asked to provide input on which stickers they thought would work in their industry. These designs used some â€Å"tribal language† encountered in the oil fields, including the term worm for an inexperienced hand, and patch dog for those who had been in the oil patch and were tough enough to do the job (Photos 2 and 3). These were handed out at every rig visited, and were always enthusiastically accepted. Creating Effective Training Videos in the Field The underlying goal of the NIOSH ethnographic study was to learn enough about the culture of OG drillers to develop safety and health training that would resonate with and be accepted by workers, and memorable enough to change how they think and act about safety hazards. NIOSH successfully used video to develop training for the mining industry, so this medium was selected for the oil fields. Compelling Content Is Key For new training to be effective, it must be interesting, credible and compelling. Lessons learned in the mining industry proved to be significant in the OG industry. These include the following: †¢Workers are all adults and must be trained as adults (using adult learning theories). †¢They perform the job every day and are familiar with the dangers and challenges. †¢They are good at what they do and proud of it. †¢Not everyone has what it takes to be a roughneck. Those who do are admired and accepted as members of the work culture. †¢Roughnecks can be transient, moving from rig to rig, or oil field to oil field. †¢Work culture controls, to a large degree, how they do their jobs. †¢Workers value safety and understand that one wrong move by anyone can put everyone in danger. †¢This is a macho culture, with few (if any) women. Roughnecks are proud of their ability to solve unexpected problems. Any training product developed must respond to these norms to be accepted. Like mining, construction, commercial fishing or other high-risk industry, OG drilling includes many hazardous operations that would be good candi dates for safety training. 44 ProfessionalSafety Unlike mining, however, no federally mandated standard regulates which topics must be presented nor establishes a minimum number of hours of safety training required before people can start work. The U. S. mining industry has access to a comprehensive incident/injury database because MSHA mandates that every injury or incident be reported. Penalties for failure to do so are severe, so the database includes a wealth of information a trainer or training developer can use to identify specific areas where additional safety training would be valuable. No such database exists for the land-based OG industry. Data are gathered by agencies at state and federal levels, or by associations and individual companies, but no comprehensive database captures injuries occurring in the upstream OG industry. Fatality data are available, but comprehensive injury data are not. Therefore, a systematic review of incident/injury information was not possible. As a result, the best way to learn what topics to include in training was to ask the workers themselves. Tool pushers and drillers are responsible for training rig workers in most cases. During site visits, they were asked to identify topics about which they would like to have more training materials. Based on their responses, the NIOSH team developed a potential list of topics. After further questioning about dangerous operations, the team decided to make a training/hazard recognition video on rig moves. It is important to note that while new hires can benefit from safety training, people who have performed this work for long periods are often disdainful of training. Research conducted in the mining industry shows that experienced workers are insulted by traditional training, particularly if it is provided by people who do not perform the work they do each day. However, the need to remind them about hazards remains. Stories can bridge the knowledge gap between new employees and experienced ones. Drill rigs can be massive pieces of equipment. When all necessary peripheral equipment is added (which could include mud tanks, the dog house, mixing sheds, diesel engines, fuel tanks, tool sheds, offices and house trailers), these operations are similar to small towns. Photo 4 shows an overview of a drill site. Equipment on these sites must be dismantled and moved quickly to the next site when the hole is finished. Workers agree that taking rigs down and reassembling them in a new location is dangerous work, with a high potential for injury. Identify the Players Before moving to the development phase of the project, the NIOSH team had to take several steps: †¢Find an industry partner who would allow filming of the rig move operation. †¢Identify a master who would act as narrator for the video, describing what was going on and what the hazards might be. †¢Interview the identified expert at length to identify topics to cover. †¢Schedule a shoot on location, using a professional videographer. Another step in the development phase was to capture as many stories as possible during shooting (Photo 5) while being mindful that those who did not wish to participate would not be required to do so. The most valuable training stories often fall in the â€Å"fool stories† category (Cullen, 2008). These usually result in near misses, but can also include injuries to the storyteller or others. These stories must be respected and used in the spirit in which they are shared—to prevent someone else from suffering similar consequences. If people are punished for disclosing these stories, they will never share them and valuable occupational wisdom will be lost. The video on rig moves was filmed in west Texas in November 2009, and in western Colorado in March 2010. Devon Energy provided excellent support and access to several sites in the Midland-Odessa, TX, area, and EnCana did the same for the Colorado shoot. McVay Drilling and Bandura Drilling were the drilling contractors on the Texas segment, while Patterson-UTI was the drilling contractor in Colorado. Sterling Crane was also present on the Colorado site; this contractor placed the different pieces of the rig, tanks and man camp as they were brought up the mountain. These contracwww. asse. org MARCH 2011 Photo 4: Drill rigs can be massive pieces of equipment. When all necessary peripheral equipment is added these operations are similar to small towns. The research team gathered as many stories as possible while filming (Photo 5, above). Willie Stephenson (Photo 6, left), a tool pusher on a McVay rig, was the primary narrator. ProfessionalSafety 45 A rig move is a complex task (Photo 7, right) involving many people, primarily roughnecks who do the assembly/ disassembly, and a trucking crew (Photo 8, below) to move parts from site to site. †¢Edit it all together into two separate videos. †¢Send drafts out for review by safety and operations experts in the OG sector. †¢Revise the drafts to reflect the experts’ comments and suggestions. †¢Gain final approval for the videos from NIOSH. †¢Release the videos. †¢Market and distribute free of charge to industry stakeholders. Avoid Common Mistakes To develop training that high-risk workers will accept and find memorable, it is best to keep a few basic guidelines in mind. First, workers know much more about the work than an outsider ever will, so be sure to include them in the process. Based on the author’s experiences in the mining and commercial fishing industries, workers eagerly share what they have learned if given a chance. Their own safety is at stake if someone is working unsafely, and they understand that they have a vested interest in making sure everyone knows how to do things correctly. Ignoring them or underestimating their interest in safety is a mistake. Many training developers select the wrong spokesperson. The person providing the lessons must look, walk and talk like those who will be watching the safety video. Using a â€Å"talking head† who is disconnected from the industry or who does not perform this type of work is not a good idea. Professional actors, while arguably more comfortable in front of a camera than workers might be, are not credible as occupational teachers. They do not understand industry jargon or the nuances of the work, which will be obvious to the trainees. Using a company executive as a spokesperson is also ineffective. A CEO talking about how to perform specific tasks while wearing a clean, pressed shirt and shiny hardhat will not be convincing to workers. The best choice for the master trainer is someone who looks the part and speaks with occupational (not organizational) authority. The master trainer should use language understandable to trainees, who will understand quickly that he is a cultural insider who knows what he is talking about. Even new hires are generally adept at identifying people who can keep them safe and teach them, and they will gravitate toward those people, regardless of who the company assigns as a mentor or trainer (Machles, Bonkemeyer McMichael, 2009). Putting recognized, knowledgeable insiders in a training video, if they are willing, makes a lot of sense. Once the decision is made to create a training video, consider the topic. It is much easier to proceed if the topic is narrowly focused. For example, â€Å"entering confined spaces† is probably a better choice than â€Å"oil and gas safety. † Duration is another consideration. Some trainers believe that no video should be more than 5 to ors were instrumental in helping the team to film various operations and capture 32 interviews. Willie Stephenson (Photo 6, p. 45), a tool pusher on a McVay rig, agreed to be the primary narrator and he was interviewed on camera for several hours. Other narrators were used to add depth and bread th to the story. Devon, McVay, Bandura, Patterson-UTI, Sterling and EnCana were true partners in this project, and it could not have been completed without their guidance, suggestions, assistance and support. The original plan was to develop a single video, but because a rig move is a complex task involving many people (Photos 7 and 8), the team realized it would be difficult to make a single all-encompassing safety awareness video. After watching several rig moves, it was noted that two primary groups are involved: 1) the roughnecks, who assemble and disassemble the rigs; and 2) the truckers, who load and transport all the pieces to the new site. Because these tasks were fundamentally different and equally dangerous, it seemed logical to make two videos, one for roughnecks and one for truckers. At the time of this writing, the first video, Move It! Rig Move Safety for Roughnecks, had been completed and released at a large safety conference in late 2010 (Photo 9). The second video, Move It! Rig Move Safety for Truckers, is scheduled for production in the first half of 2011. Both videos will follow the process and schedule developed by the author while working in the mining sector. This process/ schedule includes the following steps: †¢Gather as much footage as possible on location. Interview insiders on what is going on and what is important to the process. †¢Log all B-roll footage gathered. †¢Tra nscribe all interviews. †¢Create a story line from the master interviews. †¢Select shots from the B-roll to illustrate the points included in the narratives. 46 ProfessionalSafety MARCH 2011 www. asse. org 6 minutes long. NIOSH research has shown that this perceived limitation may be due to the fact that some videos simply do not hold people’s attention. If the story is well-told and the storytellers are credible, training videos can be longer. In fact, one NIOSH video about a disastrous fire in an underground silver mine that killed 91 people runs more than 60 minutes (Cullen, 2002). It is used in training sessions, and has also been used by other industries, such as firefighters, the military, occupational nursing and tunneling. The story is compelling because the 27 â€Å"stars† tell the story based on their own experiences during the fire; its length is not considered a negative. Using industry experts, such as SHE professionals and some workers, as technical reviewers is also recommended. They will identify elements that are not quite accurate or information that be left out or added. The video must be technically accurate. Different companies have different policies that should be considered. For example, if one company requires worms to wear green hardhats, the video should not feature new hires wearing red hardhats. Such differences are opportunities to discuss with trainees geographic or organizational differences in how certain tasks are performed (e. g. , state or provincial regulations, environmental issues, workforce issues, multiple factors). While impossible to show how everyone does things, strive to show best practices as defined by industry experts. When NIOSH was developing safety videos for the mining industry, a premier was held so people in the video could attend. This was a way to thank them for participating and an opportunity to introduce the new video to the industry. Because workers move around so often in many of these industries, the informal grapevine is active. Marketing and distribution efforts are often boosted when the â€Å"stars† tell colleagues and coworkers about the video and that it will be shown during a safety meeting. Miners looked forward to seeing the videos and actually started asking when the safety meetings might be held rather than trying to avoid them. It is hoped similar informal marketing will occur in the OG industry. If workers are eager to see new safety videos, they will pay attention to the messages included and remember them longer, which is a major goal of any training program. Conclusion Workers in high-risk industries face hazards that most people never experience. While these industries have higher injury rates than other industries, perhaps it is noteworthy that they perform their work with as few injuries as they do. This must be attributed to the efforts of safety directors and trainers, regulatory agencies, managers and operators, supervisors and the workers themselves. Training for workers is both mandated and nec- essary, but training will not work if it is not acceptable to the workers. Trainers who utilize the power that occupational cultures have to control and change the actions and beliefs of their members will be more effective in reducing injury rates. No one wants to get hurt on the job. Therefore, SHE professionals need to provide the most effective training possible to help keep people safe. Occupational cultures, and the norms, beliefs and stories they include, are always present on worksites. They can be valuable keys to creating training that works, sending everyone home safely at the end of the shift. PS References Arnould, E. J. M. Wallendorf. (1994). Marketoriented ethnography: Interpretation building and marketing strategy formulation. Journal of Marketing Research, 31(4), 484-504. Cullen, E. T. (2002). You are my sunshine (NIOSH Publication No. 2002-132d-video). Spokane, WA: Spokane Research Laboratory. Cullen, E. T. (2008, July). Tell me a story: Using stories to improve occupational safety training. Professional Safety, 53(7), 20-27. Cullen, E. T. Fein, A. H. (2005). Tell me a story: Why stories are essential to effective safety training (NIOSH Publication No. 2005-152). Cincinnati, OH: Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, NIOSH. Haven, K. (2007). Story proof: The science behind the startling power of story. Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited. Hofstede, G. (1997). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. New York: McGraw-Hill. LeCompte, M. D. Schensul, J. (1999). Designing and conducting ethnographic research. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. Livo, N. J. Rietz, S. A. (1986). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge, U. K. : Cambridge University Press. Machles, D. , Bonkemeyer, E. McMichael, J. (2010, Jan. ). Community of practice: A workplace safety case study. Professional Safety, 56(1), 46-51. Neuhauser, P. C. 1993). Corporate legends and lore. Austin, TX: PCN Associates. Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed. ). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Van Maanen, J. Barley, S. R. (1984). Occupational communities: Culture and control in organizations. In B. M. Shaw L. L. Cummings (Eds. ), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 6, pp. 287-366). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. Because the workers involved in rig moves perform fundamentally different and equally dangerous tasks, the research team decided to make two videos, one for roughnecks (Photo 9) and one for truckers. www. asse. org MARCH 2011 ProfessionalSafety 47

Migration of Women, Its Causes and Benefits

Migration of Women, Its Causes and Benefits Introduction Migration is the movement of people from one place to another place with an aim of establishing a permanent location where they can settle. It usually occurs where people move from one country to another. It can occur either voluntarily of may be involuntary. Migration dates backs to the early days of human life.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Migration of Women, Its Causes and Benefits specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are different scales under which human migration can occur. These include global level, country levels, and one which occurs within the country. It can also occur on the basis of the movement from the rural to urban areas. This happens, in most cases, when people move to urban centers in search for employment opportunities. In this research, we attempt to find out whether women have to lose or gain from the process of migration. In achieving this objective, the research tries to com pare the gains that women may get from migration to those of men. Besides, the research attempts to achieve the same objective based on the causes of migration, ease of women’s migration, their social and economic statuses. Migration, Causes and its effects on women There are many reasons that make people migrate. These reasons can be categorized into push and pull reasons. One of the major causes of migration is poverty. Men have control of property more than women. This is one crucial difference between women and men migration. Moving from one country to another may help in alleviating poverty, improving education levels and health status of the migrants. All these problems mostly affect women. This means that, women will benefit from migration if the movement will be accompanied by these gains. Shortage of food and existence war in the country of origin is the other causes of migration. People move from one place to another to look for food and also for safety. Natural cal amities like floods and earthquake make people migrate from one place to another. Search for favorable climatic or weather conditions, and secure food supply cause people to migrate. Migration of women is more difficult compared to that of men. A Man is more mobile than a woman because a woman mostly has to move with her children. Men easily move away from their homes, mostly to look for employment so that they can support their families. Women migration is complex because of the existence of children. Mostly they migrate with their children, and this increases the number of low income earners in the host country.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When Women migrate, they mostly join the low income earners group in the host country. In many instances, immigrants earn low income. Economically, women suffer most when they migrate from their home countries. This happens mos tly when women migrate to look for jobs or because of insecurity in their home countries. They may get exposed to sexual or criminal exploitation especially if they fail to get jobs in the host countries. Women end up engaging in illegal and immoral businesses so that they can earn a living. These businesses may include commercial sex activities or slavery. This is not the same case with men because they can engage in different income earning jobs that women cannot handle. However, women stand to benefit socially when they migrate to escape from exploitative marriages. They also run away from many gender-based problems like abusive and violent husbands, and gender inequality in their home countries. Conclusion In short, comparing men to women, men stand to gain more than women during migration. However, on one side, women stand to benefit socially by escaping from their disappointing marriages. On the other side, there are more dangers they get exposed to when they migrate. Some of these include sexual exploitation and exploitative domestic works. Men are economically and socially mobile, hence not exposed to such risks. This makes them benefit more from migration than men.

Global business investment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Global business investment - Coursework Example Because of this reason, exchange rates analyzed, watched and manipulated economic measures by the government. Exchange rates are also useful when examined on a smaller scale: they influence the real return of the portfolio of an investor. There are several factors that affect exchange rates. Before we examine these factors, it is important to look at how exchange rate affects the trading relationships between countries. A lower currency is considered to make exports of a country cheaper and imports expensive in the foreign markets. A higher currency is considered to make exports of a country expensive and imports cheaper in the foreign markets. Hence, a lower rate of exchange will increase the balance of trade of a country while a higher rate of exchange is expected to lower it. There are several factors that have influence on exchange rates, and they are associated with the trading relationship between countries on a global level known as internationalization or globalization (Hill 2012). It is significant to understand that exchange rates are expressed as a comparison of two currencies from two countries. It is also significant to understand that these factors cannot be discussed in a specific order; similar to numerous aspects of economics, the significance of these factors is usually subjected to discussion. The following are discussed determinants that influence exchange rate between countries. Exchange rates, interest rates, and inflation are all highly correlated. Central banks in manipulating interest rates can exert influence on both exchange rates and inflation, and altering interest rates influence currency and inflation values. Interest rates that are high offer lenders high return in an economy relative to other countries. For this reason, interest rates that are high attract a huge amount of foreign capital and result in a rise in the exchange rate. For instance, if the United Kingdom rates rise in relation to elsewhere, it becomes

Film Studies (thinking film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Film Studies (thinking film - Essay Example One cannot be condemned or belittled for saying that life often imitates art and vice versa. In fact, it's a statement of facts and contradictions that needs to be revered, understood and deconstructed in its entirety. Now really, it's not that premature to say that our past makes our future, and it's owing to this meticulous and oversensitive fashion that our life moves in that we are caught in this struggle of assessing the correlating what has happened and what is about to happen. Lights, camera, actionfrozen in time, and captured for time's keep! Sure enough, literature and informative articles and write ups give us an insight into the past events and the sands of time that have elapsed over centuries, but it's needless to say that while this past may seem suitably exciting owing to the proficient writings of our forefathers, the cinematic past too speaks clearly, indeed alternatively. Alternative Most will be baffled by the use of the term alternative used to describe cinema. Ho wever, if one sees this medium in isolation, it becomes apparent that the reason for this is because Cinema has always been an alternative to conventional wisdom and movement through the ages. It's a reflection of the time, the aspirations, and the realizations one makes in that period. Its history etched in frames, in dialogue, expressions and color. While the past seems magnificent in its appeal, it goes without saying that it reflects on the future. Cinema has seen a lot of transitions, and manifestations through the years, and its appeal remains unbeatable even now. It's got the power to stop us in our tracks, take note of the direction and the paths we have chosen for ourselves and then question possibilities for the future. While one can go on and on about cinematic brilliance, one thing that cannot escape prominence is its history and its beautiful transformation. And while we are gushing at the past it seems only right to pay tribute to the rich past that has inspired present day cinema. Robert Stam wrote, "Theories do not usually fall into disuse like old automobiles relegated to a conceptual junkyard. They do not die; they transform themselves, leaving traces and reminiscences." While Stam eloquently talks about the old giving way to the new and instigating room for experimentation in the process of this transition, what remains inspiring in all this is the cinema prior to the 1960's which raised the bar for filmmakers and technicians alike. It set the foundation from which great cinema emerged and found acceptance. The era prior to the 1960's gave us filmmakers and pioneering geniuses like John Ford, Sergio Leone, David Lean, Orson Welles, Akira Kurosowa, Stanley Kubrick, Alfred Joseph Hitchcock, and Isaac Julien. The list of filmmakers who have made a niche for themselves is long when you tread the boundaries of world cinema. These are the names of only a few who have paved the way for the new generation filmmakers to follow suit. Many theories developed from this school of thought. Isaac Julien's film, Battle of Algiers, not only thematizes the racialised and sexualized look but also provides audio visual illustrations that highlight the protagonist's angst. One can also further interpret it as a theorized orchestration of looks and glances, captured and analyzed in all their permutations

Got Milk Essay Example for Free

Got Milk Essay Got Milk? Well, Austin Powers, Tracy McGrady, Serena Williams, Britney Spears, and even Elvis all do. But, do they know what they are selling in this Got Milk? Advertisements? The Got Milk? campaign was based on a milk deprivation strategy that reminded consumers how inconvenient it was to be without milk. The advertisement made milk a very popular drink because of its attractiveness not because of the nutrients and health issues. It has been believed by many that milk is needed to have a strong and healthy body, when actually milk can be extremely harmful and the nutrients needed for a good body can be found in many other sources. Statistics show that milk consumption is on the rise in the United States since the Got Milk? campaign was launched. In 1993, 58. 1 billion pounds of milk was consumed. It had risen to 59. 5 billion pounds by 2002, an increase of 1. 4 billion pounds (ERS, Animal Products Branch). Another factor causing the milk industry to grow is dairy farmers. They risk the collapse of their industry if the population does not consume enough milk. So, of course, the farmers are pushing us to drink not just one glass, but two and three glasses of milk a day. Their main priority is to make money by getting us to drink milk as much as possible, not to inform us that milk may not be all that healthy because we are not aware of the risks, we tip our glasses and drink up. Milk is not as nutritionally essential as it is portrayed, but rather it is harmful to our bodies. Heart disease is Americas number-one killer. The main causes of this disease have been believed to be such things as smoking, stress, and even lack of companionship. However, according to an article in Earth Island Journal, milk consumption is probably the number one cause of heart disease. By the time the average American turns fifty-two, he or she will have consumed in milk and dairy products the same amount of cholesterol contained in one million slices of bacon ( ?  °Milk: The Deadly Poison?  ±). Dairy products are the most instant source of saturated fat. Saturated fat increases cholesterol production in the liver. This leads to the formation of fatty deposits in the arteries which increase one s risk of heart attack and stroke (?  °The Case against Dairy?  ±). The high levels of saturated fat and cholesterol found in milk intensify your chances of bypass surgery, which would put a fifty-thousand dollar dent in your wallet. Another problem that is not well known, are the harsh chemicals, antibiotics and hormones that may be found in milk and dairy products. Most of America  dairy cows have leukemia virus and after they graze in fields with pesticides their milk contains a mixture of lethal chemicals (?  °Milk: The Deadly Poison?  ±). Equally as important are the hormones and antibiotics dairy farmers inject into their cows. One hormone, known as recombinant bovine growth hormone, or rBGH, is injected into many cows to increase milk production. There is evidence that rBGH assists the growth of tumors in lab animals and it stimulates another hormone closely connected with breast cancer (?  °The Case against Dairy?  ±). Also, farmers are permitted to give antibiotics to their cows to fight various diseases. Milk and dairy products contain traces of the antibiotic that are passed on to us. Exposure to such toxins breed strains of bacteria that are immune to even the strongest medicine (?  °The Case against Dairy?  ±). Most of us do not realize the number of people that are lactose intolerant. Worldwide estimates suggest that two-thirds of the population have trouble digesting milk because of lactose intolerance. According to Teacher Magazine, minorities may have difficulty digesting a sugar in milk known as lactose. An estimated ninety percent of Asian Americans, seventy percent of African Americans and Native Americans, fifty percent of Hispanics, and fifteen percent of Caucasians are lactose intolerant. Hand in hand with lactose intolerance are the proteins in milk that can lead to allergies. Dr. Attwood, an author of many well known parenting books, says ?  °. . . there are more than twenty-five proteins in milk that can lead to allergies. Approximately seven out of ten patients I see have allergies with symptoms ranging from recurrent ear infection, asthma, and various upper respiratory infections. In most cases the patient improves when taken off dairy products.?  ± (Attwood-2) Milk s main nutrient is calcium, but there are many other foods that can replace milk in order to attain that calcium. According to an article in Harvard Health Journal, many vegetables are good sources of calcium. A cup of frozen spinach actually contains just as much calcium as a glass of milk. There is also calcium fortification in such things as orange juice and even waffles. Fruits, whole grains, soy products, and nuts also are great sources of calcium. They supply it in a form that is easier for the body to absorb and use. If the foods mentioned above do not satisfy your tastes, calcium supplements are also available. They are free of saturated fat and added calories you would get from milk and dairy products. There is also a great variety of milks that each contain similar nutrients, yet vary in other aspects. These alternatives include whole milk, 1%, 2%, fat free, evaporated, flavored, Acidophilus Milk, UHT Milk, organic, lactaid, lacteeze, buttermilk, and homogenized. When dealing with children, people say that drinking organic milk not only minimizes their potential exposure to toxic chemicals located in regular milk, but it also creates a healthier world in general. Organic farming has much less negative impact on the environment, which involves cleaner water, healthier soil, and less dangerous chemicals in the world. Not only does this have a positive impact on people s bodies, it also contributes to the restoration of the environment in general. The saturated fat that is in milk and many other products is bad for most people, especially if you don t have some sort of workout plan. As for me I am told to drink milk to gain muscle, because it is the easiest protein for your body to take in. With all of the physical activities that I do being on the Penn State Football Team, I will have less of a risk of having heart problems than people who do not participate in physical activity. That is why it is very important to get the right amount of exercise in order to burn the excess calories from the saturated fat that is contained in regular milk. Even with all of the exercise in the world, there are still problems that can not be taken care of by the consumer. The only way to be sure that you are not going to have physical problems because of milk is to refrain from drinking regular, whole milk and to drink liquids that contain the healthier calcium and protein that milk in known for. If you are a milk drinker, I encourage you to take a long hard look at all the risks involved with consuming this product. It could prevent you from having heart disease or other ailments associated with milk. So next time you see an advertisement for ?  °Got Milk  ± as yourself, ?  °Got Something Else  ±

The Power of Language :: Communication Metaphorical Metaphors Essays

The Power of Language Metaphors are not only a powerful way of allowing people to visualize a message that a person is trying to convey, but they are also a creative way of putting things that we see or think about every day into a new light. Speaking metaphorically isn't always very effortless and it certainly isn't easy for the listener to make the connection between what you are describing symbolically and what you are actually saying. Many writers use metaphors because they are a unique and creative way to express common ideas and they can also be very fun. Metaphors can be positive or negative depending upon which way the author would like to go. In the articles on Science, we certainly were able to see several different metaphors used for various reasons. Particularly in the article, "The Body at War: Media Views of the Immune System" by Emily Martin we saw Martin draw a unique parallel between our bodies, (predominantly our immune systems), and larger issues concerning race, class and gender. This, like many metaphorical comparisons, might seem like an unlikely possibility for a connection, but once she begins to explain why she feels that the media's representation of our immune system is so closely related to other social issues we are forced to take a second look. The way in which Martin makes her comparisons, with her unique word choice and style, comes across as quite a powerful and convincing theory. Mary Shelly also touched on some metaphorical language in her excerpt from her novel "Frankenstein." Although the power of language here is much more subtle there is clearly comparisons being made of what we would usually assume were completely unrelated topics. Shelly does a superb job of delicately interweaving metaphors about the power of human nature and the almost insatiable pursuit of knowledge that really call for the reader's earnest attention to the detail of her writing. In Martin's article we see how she gradually begins to set up her comparison of differing anti-bodies that are present in our bodies to gender, class and race roles present in our society. Martin describes media representations of such things as AIDS awareness and immune system function short films as presenting parts of our body at war with the bacteria and disease that is constantly trying to invade our bodies. Our "self" is clearly the good guy and anything that tries to permeate our bodies without our body's direct consent is considered to be the bad guys.

Religions Must Update Themselves Essay

Many people in the Modern world believe that religious books and laws must be changed to fit the lives of those that live in the 21st century; in this essay I shall argue both sides and come to a final decision on whether or not they should update themselves. One of the many religions that is constantly thought of as out of date or no longer relevant to society is Christianity. This is as the Christian religious book (the Bible) is full of laws (especially the Old Testament) that no longer work well for certain situations or make sense to the logical mind. An example of this is Exodus 21:2 NCV, which says â€Å"If you buy a Hebrew slave, he will serve you six years. In the seventh year you are to set him free, and he will have to pay nothing. † Number one slavery is not only looked down upon by the general public but is also illegal so laws on how to own and release a slave is not only useless to people of this day and age but it could also be seen as hypocritical for a God whom Christians claim to be so loving and kind to condone something as wrong as the owning of a slave. Another verse that appears illogical to non-Christians is 1 Corinthians 14:34 NIV in which Paul writes to the following in Corinth saying â€Å"Women should keep quiet in the Church meetings. They are not allowed to speak, but they must yield to this rule as the law says. † This is straight out sexism; Sexism by dictionary definition is discrimination based on a person’s sex discrimination includes being excluded from or forced to perform a certain action because of sex etc. This is what is happening here, women are not being allowed to talk in church because they are women; yet there are women pastors and evangelists and I have definitely heard several women talking during my visits to church. This raises the question of how ordinary people are to take this rule seriously and think it relevant when Christians themselves ignore it. Most people see these verses and immediately conclude that the Bible is not only out of date but also out of touch with current laws and regulations. It is easy to ake a verse out of the Bible without linking it to the rest of the chapter or considering the history which lead to it. Here are some examples of verses that show the Bible is as modern as can be. A verse that makes more sense to non-Christians and helps to prove the point that the Bible is not out of date is Exodus 21:12 NCV â€Å"Anyone who hits a person and kills him must be put to death. † This makes perfect sense. The verse mirrors not only the judicial system; that every wrong or illegal action has to be paid for but also mirrors simple logic that bad people have to pay for the bad things they do. It is the most basic and un-updateable human impulse for right and wrong to be paid equally. Another verse that helps argue the idea that the Bible is not out of date is Leviticus NCV 19:9-10 â€Å"When you harvest your crops on your land, do not harvest all the way to the corners of your fields. If grain falls onto the ground, don’t gather it up. † What would happen in Israelite times was that any grain dropped during the harvest would be picked up by the homeless. This was a form of charity towards those who were less privileged. Being charitable is something that has only become popular in the last few years yet here are the Israelites doing it so regularly it has become normal. I believe that the Bible is in fact modern and its laws are still relevant today but you have to be able to change it to fit modern language. For example one of the Ten Commandments is â€Å"Thou shalt not bear false witness against your neighbour. † This literally means you shouldn’t lie. I believe that that is the way you have to approach all the laws in the Bible not changing the meaning but changing the words to something that’s understandable.

The Minnesota Clean Indoor Act - 959 Words

Through the years, awareness against smoking has grown indefinitely and the harmful effects in environments, insisting to create policies. The state of Minnesota has passed a policy in 2007 that is called the Minnesota Clean Indoor Act. The policy which is Minnesota legislation was passed to regulate where smoking tobacco is permitted in the state. The (MCIAA) was first enacted in 1975 in order to protect the public health and the environment. The purpose of the policy is to protect the people from the hazards of secondhand smoking. By prohibiting smoking at employment places, public transportation, and at public meetings areas where people socialize. Basically smoking at any indoor place like bars, restaurants, hospitals, vehicles, and factories is prohibited. The department of health enforces the (MCIAA) and also fines up to 10,000 against proprietors who violate the policy. If caught smoking at a public place where smoking is prohibited, an individual can be cited with a misdemeanor. Even the local government can enact sticker measures than the ones provided in the (MCIAA) to prevent secondhand smoking. People who control public places are also the responsible parties for enforcing the policy and posting signs that prohibit smoking in the areas. Providing ashtrays and matches are prohibited at public places where smoking is illegal. Also at restaurants it’s prohibited to serve an individual that chooses to smoke when it’s prohibited. If for some reason a smoker refuses toShow MoreRelatedAir Pollution Is A Serious Problem1507 Words   |  7 Pagesmany things such as crops, trees, plants, and natural resources. Air pollution can be indoor or outdoors, when people smoke or vehicles exhaust pollutes the air. It is an additiona l harmful substance that damages environment, human health, and quality of life. 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